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33  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  Q72.4S03 


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Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibllographically  unique, 
'  vhich  may  alter  any  of  the  Images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


n 


n 


D 


D 

D 


D 


D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommagde 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaur^e  et/ou  peiiicul^e 


I      I    Cover  title  missing/ 


Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

Coloured  maps/ 

Cartes  gAographiques  en  couleur 


Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


I      I    Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 


Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
Reli6  avec  d'autrss  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  re  liure  serr6e  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  int^rieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible.  J^^zae 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajout^es 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  6tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  dt6  filmies. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppidmentaires; 


L'Instltut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  iti  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-Atre  uniques  du 
point  d<)  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  Image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  methods  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indlquis  ci-dessous. 

□   Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 

□    Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommag6es 

I      I    Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 


D 


Pages  restaur^es  et/ou  peliicul6es 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxei 
Pages  dicoior^es,  tachetdes  ou  piqu6es 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  d6tach6es 

Showthroughy 
Transparence 

Quality  of  prir 

Quality  indgale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  materii 
Comprend  du  materiel  supiil^mentaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 


r~~|  Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 

I      I  Pages  detached/ 

r^  Showthrough/ 

I      I  Quality  of  print  varies/ 

I      I  Includes  supplementary  material/ 

I      I  Only  edition  available/ 


Pages  wholly  or  pt'tialiy  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partieiidment 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6x6  filmies  d  nouveau  de  fagon  6 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  film6  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqud  ci-dessous. 


10X 

14X 

18X 

22X 

26X 

30X 

y 

12X 

16X 

20X 

24X 

28X 

32X 

aire 

'<  details 
ues  du 
t  modifier 
ger  une 
I  filmage 


The  copy  filmed  here  hat  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generoaity  of: 

Library  of  the  Public 
Archives  of  Canada 

The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  In  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  spucifications. 


L'exemriaire  filmA  fut  reprodult  grAce  A  la 
gAnAroaitA  de: 

La  bibiiothAque  des  Archives 
publiques  du  Canada 

Les  images  sulvantes  ont  AtA  reproduites  avec  ie 
plus  grand  soln,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  ia  nettetA  de  Texempiaire  fiimA.  et  en 
conformitA  avec  ies  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 


/ 
jAes 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  iiiustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  Impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  iiiustrated  impression. 


Les  exemplaires  orlginaux  dont  ia  couverture  en 
papier  est  ImprlmAe  sont  filmAs  en  commen9ant 
par  ie  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  ia 
dernlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impresslon  ou  d'iliustration,  soit  par  ie  second 
plat,  selon  Ie  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
orlginaux  sont  fllmAs  en  commenpant  par  la 
premiAre  page  qui  comporte  une  e*npreinte 
d'impresslon  ou  d'iliustration  et  en  terminant  par 
ia  dernlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  -^(meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  y  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


Un  des  symboles  sulvants  apparaftra  sur  ia 
dernlAre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  ie 
cas:  ie  symbols  —►  signifie  "A  SUIVRE".  ie 
symbols  V  signlfie  "FIN". 


lire 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  In  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  Atre 
fllmAs  A  des  taux  de  rAduction  diff Arents. 
Loreque  Ie  document  est  trop  grand  pour  Atre 
reprodult  en  un  seui  cllchA,  11  est  fllmA  A  partir 
de  i'angie  supArieur  geuche,  de  gauche  A  droits, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  Ie  nombre 
d'Images  nAcess&'re.  Les  diagrammes  sulvants 
lllustrent  la  mAthode. 


Dy  errata 
ed  to 

ant 

me  peiure. 

a9on  A 


1 

2 

3 

32X 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

J#i 


N 


NIAGj 


THE 


/ 


NORTHERN  TRAVELLER; 


CONTAINING  THE  ROUTES 


TO 


4 


NIAGARA,  QUEBEC,  AND  THE  SPRINGS ; 


WITH 


DESCRIPTIONS    OF    THE    PRINCIPAL 

SCENES, AND  USEFUL  HINTS 

TO    STRANGERS. 


With  Maps  and  Copperplates. 


KEW'YORK: 

WILDER  &  CAMPBELL. 

No.  142  Broadway. 

1825. 


I ' 


vs 


Southern  D  istrict  nf  New-  York^  ss . 

Be  it  Remembered,  That  on  the  24th  day  of  February- 
,^^^  A.  D.  1825,  in  the  forty-ninth  year  of  the  Inde- 
(L.  S.)  pendence  of  the  United  States  of  America, 
s-^'w^^  Wilder  &.  Campbell,  of  the  said  district,  have 
deposited  in  this  office  the  title  of  a  Book,  the  rightl 
whereof  they  claim  as  proprietoi's  in  the  words  following  J 
to  wit: — ^"Thc  Northern  Traveller;  containing  the| 
Routes  to  Niagara,  Quebec,  and  the  Springs ;  with  de- 
scriptions of  the  principal  scenes,  and  useful  hints  to  I 
strangers.     With  Maps  and  Copperplates." In  con- 
formity to  the  Act  oi  Congress  of  the  United  States,  en- 
titled "  An  Act  for  the  encouragement  of  Learning,  by 
securing  the  copies  of  Maps,  Charts,  and  Books^  to  the 
authors  and  proprietors  of  such  copies,  durine  the  time 
therein  mentioned."     And  also  to  an  Act,  entitled  "  An ! 
Act,  suppleipentacy  to  an  Act,  entitled  an  Act  for  the 
encouragement  of  Learning,  by  securing  the  copies  of  I 
Maps,  cYiarts,  and  Books,  to  the  authors  and  proprietors  j 
of  such  copies,  during  the  times  therein  mentioned,  and 
extending  the  benefits  thereof  to  the  arts  of  designing, 
engraving,  and  etching  historical  and  other  prints." 

JAiyiES  DILL, 
Clerk  of  the  Southern  District  of  New- York 


f  f 


AN  INDEX  will  be  found  at  tUe  end  of  this  volume 
so,  a  list  of 

Steam  Boats  and  Coach  Roads. 

different  parts  of  the  country  ;  and  the  arrangements 
'  the  Erie  Canal  Packet  Boats, 

The  Route  from  Boston  Winnipiseogee  Lake  and  the 
lite  Mountaiju,  has  been  added  in  the  APPENDIX. 

RKMARKS. 

The  Catskill  Mountain  House  has  lately  been  much  en 
urged.    The  following  notice  should  be  recollected  in, 
Reading  page  16. 

Since  last  season  an  additional  building  has  been 
srected,  (connected  with  the  former  one^  80  feet  by 
12,  and  four  stories  high,  so  that  the  present  buildings  are 
140  feet  in  length,  with  a  wing  on  the  north-east  end,  of 

feet ;  a  piazza  12  feet  in  width,  and  140  in  length  in 
front  of  the  bu'.ding,  and  flush  with  the  second  story. 

Many  improvements  have  been  made  at  the  San 
iouci  Hotel  at  Ballston  Springs ;  families  are  taken  for 
several  weeks  at  a  considerably  reduced  price,  as  is  the 
sase  at  most  of  the  principal  houses  there  and  at  Sara« 
toga. 

The  regular  price  of  board  per  week,  Aldridges  and 
iCorey's  at  Ballstoa,  is  $7  instead  of  $8  as  eroneously 
[stated. 

Errata.  Page  29.  In  the  route  by  the  Canal  from 
[Schenectady  toUticafor 


n 


91  1  2  miles"  read  97  1-2  miles. 


Page  60,  line  6 ;  for  "  26  miles,  read  16  miles.       * 

Copper  Plates. 

View  of  Niagara  from  below  on  the  Canada  Side, 
iFrontespiece. 

Travelling  on  the  Erie  Canal  the  hill  called  Anthony'a 
I<iose,  on  the  top  of  which  is  the  Great  Cave; 
the  Mohawk  River  below  and  the  coach  roads  be- 

lyond ptft9». 

View  of  Saratoga  SprinfS       .     •       •       •       S66« 
View  of  Lake  9e«rge.        •       ..      «      •       ltO.« 


"II 


I    I 

r 


•  i 


Maps, 

Hudjon  River,        •       *       •         •       -  X  page 

.     .      .  a"^ 

ErieCanal.      .....       ^        4 

6 

....          .  «  7C 
.       .       .       -       .         .  7 
a  41 

"        •        .         -         9  47| 
10  6li| 

n  Bi 

Like  Gecrge, **.  l^  *^ 

Lake  ChaznplaSa, ^  l^  13f)| 

.       -               .  14  137 

MontreaS, 1/^  IdP 

....  16  1411 


i 

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141 

.f>h 


VRBFAOH. 


The  publishers  of  this  work,  bein^  convinceil  that  a 

landsome  and  compendious  Traveller's  Guide  is  demau- 

kled  by  the  great  increase  of  travellings  oii  the  northern 

[fashionable  rouues,  have  used  their  exertions  to  collect  in 

lone  volume  all  the  information  of  most  importance  and 

linterest  to  such  as  travel  for  pleasure  or  health.     The 

[routes  and  distauoes  between  all  principal  places  will  be 

particularly  stated,  both  in  the  book  and  the  mapst  the 

best  inns  will  be  mentioned,  and  such  other  hints  and  sug> 

gfestions  as  may  be  «5eemed  of  importance  will  not  be 

I  omitted. 

The  finest  natural  scenes  on  and  near  the  routes  will 
be  designated  and  described ;  and  the  places  which  have 
been  rendered  memorable  by  important  historical  events, 
will  be  dwelt  upon  with  sufficient  minuteness  to  engage 
the  feelings,  though  with  such  brevity  as  not  to  be  pro- 
lix. The  great  watering  places  of  Ballston,  Saratoga, 
and  N»  w-Lebanon  will  claim  particular  notice,  as  the 
great  central  points  firom  which  most  travellers  arrange 
their  journeys. 

The  novelty  of  the  mode  of  travelling  adopted  on  the 
Erie  Canal,  as  well  as  the  magnificence  of  the  work  itself, 
and  the  mtaresting  objects  and  scenes  along  its  course,  has 
attracted  vast  numbers  of  travallers  in  that  direction,  a 
large  proportion  of  whom,  during  the  pleasant  seasons  of 
the  year,  are  strangers  of  wealth  and  taste ;  and  there  is 
every  probability  that  the  approaching  seasons  will  see 
tliem  increase  still  further.  Care  has  therefore  l)een  ta- 
Icen  to  collect  the  most  recent  accounts  from  that  part  ot 
the  cour^try,  on  the  plan  sketched  aJ)ove. 


PHEPACE, 


few  .object..     A  li.t  of  S«eti°t'"".r  «»»fined  to  ^ ' 
S^^ '  "0  »U  of  them  m«1^  ^±r">.  P'^"  »•««- 
ticular  depMimeiit.to  wk^^^°f**»f>«d  for  the  par- 

It  M  utended  in  fntiir.  -J«    ^'^*'P*«t"'ely  refer 
MA  it  rtiU  farther  ^S"  ??"'?•  ""^  tW.  work  tr^bd 


THE 


NORTHERN  TRAVELLER. 


THE  CITY  OF  NEW  YORK. 

As  this  is  the  point  from  which  the  traveller  is  suppo- 
sed to  be  settin*^  out,  '*.  is  not  considered  necessary  to  at- 
tempt a  description  of  the  city,  nor  of  any  of  its  places  of 
resort  or  public  institutions.  Those  who  wish  to  become 
lacquainted  with  them,  are  referred  to  '*  Stranger'i  Otiide 
\to  the  City  ofJ^ew  York^^  by  which  they  will  be  supplied 
with  all  necessary  infoimation  concei-ning^  the  public 
buildings,  societies,  institutions,  customs,  laws,  &c.  &c. 
Hooker^a  map  of  the  city  will  be  of  essential  use  in  finding 
the  way  to  distant  places. 

Before  leaving  this  city,  the  stranger  will  find  it  judi- 
cious to  obtain  a  supply  of  such  books  and  maps  as  will  be 
necessary  on  the  route  he  intends  to  travel ;  and  the  ad- 
vantages which  they  will  afibrd  him  can  hardly  be  estima- 
ted except  by  those  who  know  their  value  by  experience, 
fiy  directing  him  to  the  best  roads  and  inns  they  will 
contribute  materially  to  his  comfort ;  and  by  the  informa- 
tion they  contain,  much  expense  is  often  avoided,  so  that 
the  purchase  will  often  j^ove  friendly  to  his  purse  as 
well  as  to  his  time.  * 

To  those  who  intend  to  take  the  eastern  tour, up  Con- 
necticut river  to  the  White  Hilh,  Winnipisiogee  Lake 
and  Boston,  the  ^  Traveller's  Guide  in  New  England'' 
may  be  mentioned,  as  well  as  Dr.  Dwight's  Travels, 
which  last  embraces  all  the  eastern  states,  as  well  as 
New  York,  * 

A2 


V 


-  THE  NORTHERN 


and 


;r>.i  my  wKl"^*;^;;'  and  map,  i,  gW^  ^^ 

t;un.d^  thm  we  «"  able  "  fum'T"'!'.?  '"'  "«««'  ^ 
mary  v,ew.  •""«  '"  f"nn»l>  in  the  prewait  »Z. 

r   n  ^  ,  BOOKS. 

Ne^'^;^-".i^:i^7nl^^:^«;'^^^^^^ 

J^"r   '*'^-  ^^ew-*.n^Iand  States  and 

"er^Ts'-ml;!""""'''  «"««  T-  'o  Montreal  an.  Q„e 
.»  Henselae..  GeCo^ea,  Survey  „r  the  Cana, 

Spafford's  New-York  pJt  V^«  Canal  Route. 

Goodrich's  Mapof  tlSZ'' n  •  "'*'''  «"""• 
»>o^k.  P     "'«  Hudson  River,  on  roller,  or  i„  a 

The  folSSf  °\T' ""^  ^"ANY. 

and  Alba„r"»  ^'*™-B«'"»  ply  between  New-York 

Richmond,  '   ^ 

Chancellor  Livin'^ston    I;        ^ 
^V        James  Kent,        •'''"'  ^'«''5-«*««/t. 

, .  The  BnS,  nty^'^^,!^^^^^  ^'^all  rotary  boat. 

^^  eigrht  and  passengers.       '^  "^""^  *°  '"»  to  Troy  witii 
ThJ''"^-^^''^fi:forPeei«i.U 

^-^  *h.  aJ^omSatlfr^rTen^^^ 

^reuers  will  find  on  board  of 


»  w  ffiven  lor  tiio J 
»"g  this  sUte  anJ 
I  the  present  Bum-l 


Nations. 

ffland  States  and  I 

ntrealand  Que- 
r  of  the  Canal 

Canal. 

prints,  Nia^PR 

vr-York. 
oute. 

ork,  &c.  &p. 


•  TRAVELLER.  7 

lein  arc  pfcnerally  p^ood,  except  when  they  are  too  much 
owded  with  paisengers.     Strang^ers  will  generally  prc- 
ir  the  large  oties,  because  they  are  furnished  with  an 
ipper  deck,  called  the  promenade,  which  is  sheltered 
om  the  sun  by  an  awning,  and  afl'ords  a  much  more  im« 
itemiptcd  prospect,  as  well  as  better  air.     As  two  or 
iree  will  go  every  day,  and  the  traveller  can  choose 
itter  for  himself,  it  is  unnecessary  to  make  any  further 
iuggestions,  except  that  ladies  will  find  the  lower  cabin 
referable  to  the  upper,  although  they  are  apt  to  prefer 
lie  latter   before  they  have  become  acquainted  with 
it. 
Cautionn.     If  luggagfe  is  sent  by  a  porter,  ask  him  for 
is  number^  so  that  if  he  is  negligent  or  dishonest,  he  may 
le  reported  at  the  police  office.     It  is  best  to  go  to  the 
team-boat  ten  or  fifteen  minutes  before  the  time  of  de- 
[)arture,  to  avoid  the  crowd  which  always  collect!  at  the 
lock.     A  traveller  is  too  often  pressed  upon  by  imper- 
inent  fellows,  who  recommend  their  own  vessels,  and 
irge  h*m  to  take  passage  in  them.     The  only  way  to 
[treat  them  is  without  reply.     Such  things  ought  never 
to  be  permitted  by  the  proprietors,  although  they  are 
rivals;  neither  ought  they  to  allow  the  throngs  of  por- 
ters, cartmen,  &;c.  who  rush  in  upon  deck  as  soon  as  the 
boats  arrive,  both  here  and  at  Albany,  to  the  annoyance 
of  the  passengers,  and  the  exposure  of  their  property. 
All  travellers  should  remonstrate  against  so  unreasonable 
u  practice ;  and  if  any  of  the  proprietors  should  see  this 
statement  of  the  grievance,  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  they 
will  be  convinced  of  its  justice,  and  the  necessity  of  re- 
formation, which  would  benefit  themselves  as  well  as 
their  passengers. 


PASSAGE  UP  HUDSON  RIVER. 

On  leaving  New- York,  the  traveller  finds  himself  in 
the  midst  of  a  fine  and  varied  scene.  The  Battery  lies  be- 
hind him,  with  Governor's  Island  and  Castle  Williams 
projecting  beyond ;  still  more  distant  is  Red  Hook^  and 
then  opens  the  passage  called  the  Narrows,  with  Staten 
Island  on  the  right,  leading  to  Sandy  Hook  and  the  Atlan- 


^ 


« 


(il 


THE  NORTHERN 


fortift»ti,«%Tp„^°'X»d  Gibbet  m^^Zi 

Jo^y  called  Jei^^C^.^J".!  "^  '<"'»  »  New] 

newlten  appear  beyond  -  as  th/^'  .    "°  •""»  "^^  Wee-f 
rt  pasM,  the  crowdedlii'e^f  K    I??'  moves  rapidly  on 

Col.  Bun-.  A  «onum^VljSi*°°  't^,' "  » '>"«J  wiS 
his  memory  on  the  place-  hmtZ  T*"*  """  «™<=ted  to 

-of t«proTwKe^;'Sj''JS"r  "'Preoipi- 
th»  nyer  on  the  west  s^  ^  • ""' P'*^*- ^«end  So 
form  a  singular,  and  in  ma^%Z^„'?'  '^  Tapp,„,  I^J 
«7-  to  some  places  an;id^S?^^""P"»«''le b^und- 
s«en  appearing  below -^nttk^  sand  stone  foundatiMt 
P«».«t,  aiemuiaZ^^^^fSre^tj^  of  the  .^j^ 

n^  from  the  heightWr^' *t^^"""'««°' «»^ 

They  form  an  ei™'Lr  '  "^""^  Stance  forther 
;^Wch  a  line  of  fo;XS^r:;^^"*««-  il^to^" 

situated  on  th;  b^w  of  "thi^pT'*"'"'' »'  «•«  riyer  is 
feet  aboye  the  riv~  *^  'P'""'"'''^,  more  th!^'^ 


Here 


p  *•"""«  me  river.  ^^-^  "«ore  uw 

'W  tfie  spot  IS  only  2  1  9  «™?i  °  j.**"  "^e  Grave  of  AnArH 
—  Weyer,aiL^ra^„«T;^nfc 


r     : 


"^ 


IN 

city.  Onthewe^j 
;»bl^t  Islands,  .nthl 
^  of  the  Hudson  i  J 
lall  town  in  JVew  I 

inehiUsof  Wee.f 
moy^  rapiVUy  onj 
rs  in  Waahin^on. 

»  facing:  the  river, 
'Jfwty.isthespot 
5"  in  a  duel  with 

f^le  was  erected  to 
n  removed  within  1 

Jus  IS  the  common 
^ecity,  and  ma- 

^ffe  of  precipi, 

place,  extend  up 
to  Tappan,  and 

ipassablebound- 
«e  foundation  is 
"J  of  the  rocks 
Jfonnation,  and 
00  or  550. 

«?cr  side,  about 
uildingofhewn 

stance  further, 
attan  island,  on 
up  during:  the 

•f  the  river,  is 
aore  than  300 

►osite. 

est  side.  Here 

best  point  tq 

•PPan.    His 
land. 


'U    L   8  T/  E    a        CO. 


M5 


0 


..<i/'%^ 


Ni 


m 


^^n 


•*ck 


Newburg'i^ 
O  R  A.  N  CI   R       C   O.^ 

WcfttPo^i! 

BuUcrmilkf'a^ 

.Bare  Mq^itfUaui 

Ounderberg* 

ao  C  KL.  A.N  D        CO. 


f; 


\0S 


PUTNAM     CO. 


theny's  Nose 


WEST 

c  It  i:  8  T  «:  a   c 

yer planks  /*.* 


lAR 

And 
told, 
the 
end 
irest 
Fhisdi 
Bland 
one 


tgain  til 
Veri 

Ithe  site 
[some  pr 
tastefull 
iiae  tree 


FORT 

These 
fith  of  C 


TRAVELLER. 


9 


TARRTTOWHt  3j^  miles.    This  is  the  place  where  Ma- 
Andre  was  stopped,  returning^  from  his  visit  to  Gren. 
kold,  and  on  his  way  to  the  British  lines.    The  place 
then  neutral  ground,  as  the  Americans  and  Eng^h 
encamped  above  and  below.  The  previous  life  of  this 
;resting^  young  officer,  together  with  the  amiableness 
[his  disposition,  the  refinement  of  his  education,  and  the 
(lancholy  and  ignominious  fate  to  which  he  was  brought, 
one  of  the  uiJiappy  concurrences  too  often  produced 
war,  spread  a  deep  ar.d  universal  sentiment  of  sympa- 
[y  throughout  this  country,  which  time  will  never  ob- 
>rate,  and  which  will  be  only  perpetuated  by  our  his- 
^ry. 

For  a  detail  of  the  circumstances  connected  with  Mi^or 
idre's  capture,  the  reader  is  referred  to  a  brief  history 
them,  introduced  in  the  account  of  West  Pointy  a  few 
jes  beyond. 

The  Entrance  of  the  Highlands,  is  a  short  dis- 

ice  beyond  this  place,  and  40  miles  from  New- York. 

i'his  is  a  r^on  no  less  remarkable  for  the  important 

ulitary  events  of  which  it  has  been  the  theatre,  than  for 

le  grandeur  and  nobleness  of  its  natural  scenery.    In 

>inting  out  the  various  positions  as  we  pass  alcmg,  we 

lall  give  them  all  a  notice,  but  endeavour  to  eidai|^e 

ly  on  those  whose  history  demands  a  more  particular 

ittention. 

Stont  Point.    The  little  rough  promontory  on  the 

left,  nearly  a  mile  below  the  entrance  of  the  Highlands, 

ras  a  fortUied  position  during  the  American  war.    The 

British  took  it  from  Gen.  Wayne  in  1778,  but  lost  it 

igain  the  same  year. 

Verplanck's  Point,  on  the  opposite  side,  was  also 

Ithe  site  of  a  fort ;  but  is  now  ornamented  with  a  hand- 

[some  private  mansion,  and  the  rocks  near  the  landing  are 

[tastefully  varieg'ated  with  a  lawn,  an  arbour,  and  many 

iiae  trees. 

FORT  MONTGOMERY  AND  FORT  CLINTC, 

5  miles. 

These  forts  were  taken  by  Sir  Henry  Clinton,  on  the 
fitb  of  October,  1777.     His  object  was  toco-operate  with 


10 


THEiVoETHERN 


Gates  aea^S^t'  "'  ""»*  «me  closelv  »  .  u 

W»  favour     P^,.?*^*""  "»"•,  by  eZfL  "PPe^O'-itvl 

««d  landed  rfvf!:^''W  troop,,  emiUS'5*?»  '«'<'  l<f 
•JelachiiMMf  ^i^*T'ank's  Point     Th^**^  "»  «''e  flJ 

Gen.  PatoL^  I'^?«  «"^  then  S~1"*"''«5  roa' 
^HtU.  ^'""»  ''^'e  »»fitfor  duty^f«";e«ta,  ,^. 

^t%»^^'K^;4?:^-f?  -a,  at  vJ 

P'-epanih"i°f^P*»<Jence,  hfaZfel*"^^*  expodifi^ 

f^eor  and  cCtoi"' hejni  *«^^  ateV^ 
^ere attacked. rri'  '''"<*  are  near  ..  iT  "*^<»tj 
however^nTv'u**  »»e  moment     n ^''  """er,  aj 

«»e  first  of  the  fojr"'-  Campbell,  with  sm^  **^  """n 

«»«  fo.S  ^^  "^f  Aa.eric^  ha^^^i;?-'  «»<«  '-S 
^ere  able,riJ:^t'«Tendered.  b„t^§ 'Sl"^« f«>«en,l 
ernorand  h,'«  i,"..r^'  ejected  their  e^.^    ffai*non  K^kgl 

moved  the chateth^'"?  P'oceedinTto  wf.'  '^  «»«» 
Sir  J«ne,  WaL^,"*  ^'°'  Md^pL "f^'t  Point,  re-  ^ 
Va«gha„a„7^i^«^went„p  to  I^^^^-feet  «nde..  j 

defenceless  thr,  ^^  *^*  ^**^ouffh  fh«.«^  #•  ,  "  General 
of  Octobe^:  Thf R  "^  "r^e^d  iftot  ^S^?"  "«lW 
P'?ee!  for  the  „eVf  ii^^'S  P'^'^eeded  no  fowl' "".""^ 

York.  y'  afterwards,  the  flept ,!!      '  ''*"«  re- 

A»  the  rteam  h.  .  "™'''  '"^ew- 

•  •***  Pi^eeds,  several  «~  . 

*''««"  points  are  obser- 


eiy  watched  hy  c;^ 
"0^  an  opportniutvl 
^^etmg.  a  diversion 
«.  Cimton  had  [1 
mbarfced  in  the  fle3 
J  he  next  jnomfn  J 

-  and  marched  rou 
er  the  command 

*^^tinental  troon 
'»^  a  small  number  c 

;f»f  made  at  VeJ 
jt  of  the  expeditiW 
ine  nver,  and  mud 
not  discover  thei] 
"»§:  at  forts  Mont 
J,  each  other,  aaJ 
^^or  ClmtoDj 
^tOD,  had  arriv] 
«?Wmen,  attacked 
^^  and  Genea 

5«%htm^  began! 
«»opn,  and  lasted! 

?t  about  SsOmenJ 


TRAVfiLLKR. 


11 


5e. 


^ththiB*6y., 

Th;e  Bhtfshj 

tile  above,     a  i 

'«?theHuu8on, 
Ijjps,  was  then 
Vest  point,  re- 
"»e  fleet,  under 
>  With  General 

wd  the  village 
^U  on  the  istf, 

ther  than  that 
der  being- re- 
rnedloNew- 

ts  are  obser- 


projscting  into  the  river,  some  distance  above ;  and 

_Bt  Point  makes  its  appearance  on  the  left  hand,  with 

B  rains  of  Fort  Putnam  elevated  on  u  commanding 

uuence,  a  little  beyond,  598  feet  above  the  water  le- 

i.    Of  the  latter,  travellers  have  frequently  remarked, 

it  it  18  the  only  object  in  the  United  States  which  de- 

rves  ihe  name  of  *^a  ruim^*  but  in  the  view  of  ai^ 

iropean  probably  its  claim  would  not  appear  very  sub- 

atial,  as  the  elements  have  beg^un  their  devastations 

^  }n  it  within  thirty  or  forty  years.    It  is,  however,  as 

iposing  in  size  as  in  position ;  and  tiie  view  it  commands 

per  its  wild  and  mountainous  neighbourhood,  as  well  as 

connection  with  our  history,  will  i*pjider  it  worthy  of  a 

dt.    The  large  hewn  stones  used  in  its  cousUuction,  it 

said,  were  taken  from  the  shore  at  West  Point,  and 

rcied  by  men  up  that  tiresome  ascent.    During  the 

ir  a  fort  stood  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  riv(:r,  called 

^ort  Coijstitution. 

WEST  POINT. 

This  was  a  military  position  of  great  consequence  in 
lie  war.  A  battery  was  erected  on  the  extremity  of  the 
loint  just  over  the  river,  to  command  the  channel,  while 
,  strong  iron  chain  was  stretched  across  from  the  shore 
»elow,  to  the  opposite  side.  This  was  taken  up  by  the 
lirMish,  when  they  went  up  to  Kingston.  Just  round 
he  point,  near  the  margin  of  tlie  water,  is  the  rold  springs 
[from  which  the  troops  stationed  tliere  were  supplied  with 
water. 


The  Military  Academy  op  the  United  States, 

is  located  at  West  Point ;  and  a  more  delightful  situation 
lor  such  an  institution  could  hardly  have  been  selected. 
It  is  designed  for  the  instruction  of  young  men  destined 
for  the  army ;  and  secondarily  for  maintaining  the  mili- 
tary science  in  the  country.  The  Academy  was  estaldish-* 
edin  1802  by  Gen.  Williamp,  and  extends  only  to  the 
instruction  of  Cadets.  The  number  of  pupils  is  eonfined 
TO  250,  and  in  choosing  from  the  applicants,  the  squs  of 


is 


i'HE  NORTHERN 


knitted  ttrm  ♦».-.  ^^  '*n?e  a  nm»vN«*-     •'^^  ®*  coiJ 

rj""*"  *•*  the  sons  of  xpt^^uu      P"*Portion  :»f  tho.«  .J 

the  aitoy,  while  the  nn^    '"^^  P"*'«'»t«  not  de«^  ?5 

Principal  b„te?^;^*"-»««  a  parTSf^',^  fc**  «j 
^•na  paiJ  for  fte^S^  *°  *«  "•  Statef  ,  *Vll^"'^  «=H 

<!«»«»«  to  a^fe™'  .?*»  their  hands     -?«  J^?  '"''•'« 

"boat  Ao^r  T  *?  P-^^*  o?1.^  ««* 
2«<»npanied  AnS^  to*^f  ^'^th  Great  P^ta^S*?? 
''Ong:  Clove  on  «r  "*  "®  *>ot  of  a  mm,!,.  •      '  ""^  Jie 
^    '•ve,onthewert  side  of  the  n>^;«°  «'Jled  the 

*    "Cre  they 


TRAVELLER. 


IJ 


ind  Gen.  Arnold  in  a  dark  grove  of  evergreen  trees, 
wording  to  appointment :  true  to  his  word  in  this  in- 
i^>,  though  false  to  his  country. 
The  substance  of  the  conversation  held  on  that  occa- 
)n,  may  be  imagined,  as  well  as  the  different  emotions 
^hich  must  have  agitated  the  parties.  The  neighbour- 
scenery  throws  over  the  place  a  darkness  and  gloom 
rell  accordant  with  the  memory  of  that  night,  and  the 
lelancboly  events  of  which  it  was  the  precursor;  and  the 
reater  and  far  more  extensive  evils  which  it  might  have 
sioned,  by  placing  this  most  important  post  in  the 
)wer  of  our  eneiiiies.  So  long  was  this  interview  in 
)oming  to  a  close,  that  the  day  dawned  about  the  time  of 
|ts  termination,  and  the  approaching  light  put  it  out  of 
le  power  of  Major  Andre  to  pass  in  safety  the  posts  at 
^erplank's  and  Stony  Points.  He  was  therefore  obliged 
to  retire  to  Smithes  house,  and  change  his  dress  for  a  plain 
isguise. 

General  Arnold  had  furnished  him  with  a  pass,  under 
le  name  of  John  Anderson ;  and  on  the  following  even- 
ing he  set  out  by  land,  accompanied  by  Smith  as  a  guide. 
jThcy  rode  that  night  to  Mc  Koy's,  after  going  eight  or 
(nine  miles ;  and  tlie  next  he  spent  at  Pine's  Bridge  over 
Croton  river.  Here  he  parted  with  Smith,  and  proceed- 
ed alone  six  miles,  virhen,  as  he  had  passed  the  American 
I  lines,  and  was  approaching  those  of  the  British,  he  was 
discovered  by  three  men  who  |v7ere  concealed  from  him 
behind  a  bank;  and  one  of  them  suddenly  stepping  from 
under  a  tree  by  the  road  side,  seized  his  horse  by  die  bri- 
dle. Andre  was  put  off  his  guard,  either  by  a  sense  of 
security,  or  surprise,  and  thoughtlessly  demanded  where 
he  was  from.  ^  From  below,"  replied  the  man ;  meaning 
from  the  British  party.  ^^So  am  I,"  replied  Andre ;  and 
he  immediately  informed  him  of  his  being  a  British  ofiR- 
cer,  travelling  on  urgent  business. 

When  he  discovered  that  the  strangers  were  New- 
York  militia-men,  on  a  scout  between  the  lines,  he  offer- 
ed his  watch  as  a  ransom  for  his  liberty ;  but  having 
searched  his  clothes,  they  found  proof  of  his  designs, 
and  refused  to  release  him.  They  found  in  his  boots,  a 
description  of  the  works  at  West  Point,  with  returns  of 
B 


i 

r  .1 


r>! 


14 


/I 


tHK  iNOllTHfiHN 


ttU  the  forces  ol"  *h«  «,«    • 

officers;  butS.r'P  ""''«'  "^e  pal^"»  """d"ced 
'Utionjrfhi"  ,2^.  ^'"'^'•y  o*"  Arnold  be2^'°i°''«  "'^"ur 

has  not mournedni^  ,^  ^  •'e  found  at  tK  ^^^ '' 

^wise  removed  to  fL         .  ^®^  o^er  his  ffr«  v/JT 
i^he  roots  rif*K.-r^  ^  "*®  gfarden  nf  fu      "*'&**vewa3 


Lis 
haud-writia^of  ArJ 

11  Washington,  ar-i 
fson  sent  to  Arnold 
la^en.  ThelatW 
assoonasheleariihi 
^e  had  come,  anal 
H  mto  a  boat, and! 
•oard  the  Vulture ' 
formed  of  Andre's 
«a  to  Verplank's 
>  late,  uu\  Arnold 

tf  officers  wasap. 
Qd  sentenced  him 
ivere  made  to  this 
been  introduced 
port  of  one  of  our 
igmade  the  con- 
ed by  the  British, 
?J  October,  when 
ere  his  body  was 

>lancholy  event, 
«i  was  sincere, , 
nowledged  that 
e  circumstances 

eath  of  a  man 

1  one  who  had 
^agre.  His  life 
Umted  States; 

tJbis  day.  Who 

Mjypr  Ajidre. 

it  senttbtSis 
removed*  to 

e  then  Prii^e 

iM§:ravewas 

•resent  king. 

wmed  tkeja- 


J'RAVKLLEK. 


^r, 


At  leaving  West  Point,  the  traveller  will  obiervc  seve- 
ral remarkably  high  mountains  on  both  sides  of  the  river, 
[for  which  he  is  referred  to  the  map.     Pctitam'b  Roc  k 
./as  rolled  from  the  top  of  Butter  Hill,  June  1778,  by  u 
party  of  soldiers  directed  by  General  Putnam. 
Newburgh. — This  is  a  town  of  considerable  size,  3 
liles  beyond  the  Highlands,  with  some  handsome  build- 
IJngs.    Here  begins  the  Stage  Rocid  leading  from  the  river 
to  Ithaca,  at  the  head  of  Cayuga  Lake,  atid  communica- 
I  ting  by  a  steam-boat,  with  the  great  weatem  turnpike  at 
1  Cayuga  Bridge.     For  these  places,  see  Index. 

THE  CATTSKILL  MOUNTAINS. 

As  the  traveller  proceeds,  he  at  length  discovers  the 
distant  ridge  of  the  Cattskill  mountains,  which  limit  the 
view  in  that  direction  for  many  miles,  and  form  a  grand 
feature  in  the  scene.  On  account  of  their  great  elevation 
they  teem  less  distant  (han  they  really  are ;  and  although 
they  present  so  imposing  an  appearance  when  directly  op« 
posite,they  nowhere  approach  nearer  to  the  river  than  8 
miles,  and  in  some  places  retire  15  and  even  20. 

An  excursion  to  the  summit  of  these  mountains  is  per- 
formed by  great  numbers  of  travellerr  *  and  indeed  hat 
become  so  fovourite  an  enterprise,  that  it  may  very  pro- 
perly  be  ranged  among  the  principal  objects  in  the  great 
tour  which  we  are  just  commencing.  The  visit  may  be 
accomplished  in  one  day,  though  two  or  diree  may  be 
agreeably  spent  in  examining  at  leisure  the  grand  and 
beautiful  scenery  of  that  romantic  neighbourhood,  par- 
ticularly in  observing  the  break  of  day  and  the  retiring 
of  the  sun  from  that  lofty  height.  There  is  a  large  and 
commodious  house  of  entertainment  erected  at  the  Pine 
Orchard,  one  of  the  p^aks  of  the  mountain,  about  9000 
feet  above  the  river,  wliich  is  visible  from  the  steam-boat, 
and  the  ascent  to  it  U  performed  without  fatigue  in  a 
stage  coach,  which  goes  and  returns  regularly  twice  a 
day. 

The  pipce  to  land  for  this  eicursion  is  Cattskill, 
where  begins  a  turnpike  road  to  Ithaca  Taking  the 
stage  coach  here,for  f  1  you  proceed  towards  the  Pine  Or- 


io 


THE  NOHTHERN 


Thi:  Pi^j.  5,j"  "^^  *"e  visitor  to  '"'^^^  oil 

'eisnre    «n^  ..n     *'' '""'ety.    Ii,rfiV:j    .  Presence  of 
«Pf«eeSX'j^'?2"'^hich?;^^f.'«"'  «"•«  thus 

'^''^^''ti^i.Tf^^  -Stir"''  «"«- 

"there.    On)I«       "  »<"  in  si£htfv;^"°."/"Voii  the 

counties  S-A^t!„^«»'»ide  of  the1.iUT«.!^         °'"  ">e 
/'"'  l^l,  part  ofK'fne-  ^'»ter  ^'d'^o^"  Part  of  U.e 

S  afssfetfelt  ^^^--  a„»^^^^^^^  ^^ 
Mountains  in  v;Z!.*^;  <">/pe.haps  ZV^^^t  T""' 


tain.  •    Vl^s  partly  to  Tanlul  "*"'  high  li 
ove  emh  "..'"  "■«  western co..n*„°."[S  "  ^'covered  a 


'^Mgeofhillsin  .t™""'-    ^»«'er  down  i7i?  ""•  ^"'O" 
»yf  erabtt^J^  ?!  "'*'«*'•''  bounty  olPn-  ^'^"^^red  a 


■''Ik, 


•,**% 


TRAVELLER. 


17 


length  and  50  in  breadth ;  and  a  larce  part  of  it  is  sup- 
posed by  geologists  to  have  formea  the  bed  of  a  great 
lake  in  some  long  past  age,  when  the  Hudson  was 
thrown  back  by  the  barrier  presented  at  the  Highlands, 
)efore  the  present  chasm  had  been  cut  for  its  passage. 

The  rich  cultivation  of  Dutchess  County,  proverbially 
fertile,  will  be  dwelt  on  with  great  delight ;  while  the 
lumerous  vesseb  continually  skimming  over  the  Hud- 
Iflon,  may  serve  to  remind  the  spectator  of  those  vast  and 
[productive  regions  which  nature  had  made  tributary 
to  other  streams,  but  whose  wealth  has  been  diverted  by 
I  art  into  the  same  broad  channel.    Many  of  the  vessels 
which  navigate  the  Hudson  are  freighted  with  the  pro- 
ductions of  Lake  Erie  ;  and  the  stranger  may  perhaps 
have  lii  (^yportunity  to  see  them  gliding:  by  to  New- 
irdless  of  the  wind,  as  steam  boats  are  to  be  em- 
lis  season  expressly  for  that  purpose. 
rly  opposite  is  seen  the   old  Livingston  Manor, 
\  one  of  the  few  ^eat  aristoci  atical  estates  existing 
part  of  the  country.    It  contains  a  tract  of  about 
14^000  acres. 

The  Cascades.  There  is  a  singular  and  highly  ro- 
mantic scene  which  has  been  intentionally  reserved  for 
the  last.  At  the  other  side  of  the  Pine  Orchard  are  two 
fine  cascades,  which  the  visitor  must  not  fail  to  see,  even 
if  he  should  neglect  to  ascend  the  north  or  south  summits. 
A  path  leads  through  the  woodsjo  the  cascades;  but 
there  are  two  small  Lakes  from  winch  the  supply  of  wa- 
ter is  derived,  which  cannot  be  swen  without  diverging  to 
the  right. 

The  Lakes  lie  very  near  each  other  and  communi- 
cate by  a  small  stream.  They  are  probably  about  a 
quarter  of  a  mile  in  circumference,  each,  and  not  very 
remarkable  for  their  appearance.  The  stream  which 
flows  from  the  second  lake  runs  to  the  western  extremity 
of  the  Pine  Orchard,  where  the  level  terminates  very  ab- 
ruptly at  a  high  and  shelving  precipice,  desending  into  a 
tremendous  goi^e  between  ridges  of  gloomy  mountainsi 
The  whole  scene  is  on  a  vast  and  imposing  scale.  The 
golf  is  gloomy,  and  ^e  steep  ascents  on  bow  sides  bis  en« 
lirely  clothed  with  forests.    Just  at  the  feet  of  the  spec-^ 

:4 


if,- 


18 


THE  NORTHERN 


lator  the  stream  rushes  along  and  springes  from  the  rock, ! 
in  two  beautiful  cataracts,  into  the  deep  and  narrow  val- 1 
ley  below.     The  first  fall  is  175  feet,  and  the  second  80, 
botli  perpendicular,  without  a  sing^le  protruding  rock  to ! 
break  the  snow  white  sheet. 

A  small  building  is  erected  on  the  left  hand,  where 
refreshments  may  be  obtained ;  and  on  the  right  is  a 
steep  path  by  which  even  ladies  may  descend  in  safety 
to  the  foot  of  the  falls.  That  is  the  finest  point  of  view, 
and  the  whiteness  and  sparkling  of  the  water  are  strongly 
contracted  againat  the  darkness  of  the  caverns  behind 
it,  formed  by  two  shelving  rocks  from  which  the  stream 
is  successively  precipitated.  Pursuing  the  course  of  the 
stream  down  the  valley  with  the  eye,  it  is  seen  rushing 
tumultuously  along  over  a  steep  and  rocky  flannel, 
winding  between  the  bases  of  the  mountains,  iHtil  it 
gradually  sweeps  away  towards  the  south,  and  disap- 
pears among  the  rude  scenery  that  surrounds  it. 

On  a  fine  summer  day,  the  splendour  of  the  9ii||||  is 
greatly  increased  by  the  depth  of  the  lights  and  shtd^, 
as  well  as  the  forms  and  motion  of  the  mists,  which  the 
wind  is  continually  bearing  off  from  the  water-falls;  and 
the  brilliancy  of  the  rainbows  with  which  they  are  often 
decked  by  the  beams  of  the  sun. 

After  gratifying  his  curiosity  and  taste  with  scenes  like 
these,  the  traveller  will  return  to  Cattskill,  to  take  the 
next  Steam-boat ;  and  by  making  the  necessary  arrange- 
ments, he  can  proceed  tip  the  river  with  very  little  delay. 


] 


THE  CITY  OF  HUDSON,  5 1-2  miles. 

This  is  one  of  the  largest  aud  most  important  towns  on 
the  river,  and  occupies  a  commanding  eminence  on  the 
eastern  bank,  with  several  ranges  of  laige  stores  built 
near  the  waters  level.  On  the  brow  of  the  ascent  from 
the  water  is  a  favourite  promenade,  from  which  a  charTi- 
ing  view  is  enjoyed  of  the  river  and  the  opposite  Catts- 
kill mountains.  The  western  shore  is  variegated  and 
beautiful,  and  contains  the  village  of  Athens. 

If  the  traveller  wishes  to  proceed  directly  to  JV«m>-/#c- 
banon  Springs,  this  is  the  proper  placa  to  leave  the  steam- 


ngrs  from  the  rock  I 
>P  and  narrow  val- 
»nd  the  second  80 

>rotrudiiigrocktoi 

left  hand,  where 
n  the  right  is  a 
descend  in  safety 
est  point  of  view- 
iter  are  strongly 
caverns  behind 
^hich  the  stream 
he  course  of  the 
IS  seen  rushing 
rocky  ebannel, 

•n^ins,  mm  it 

uth,  and  4fsap- 
mdsit. 

of   (})g  gggH^    • 

»ts  and  shidfes, 
ists,  which  the 
^ater-falls;  and 
they  are  often 

ith  scenes  like 
1^  to  take  the 
5sary  arrange- 
7  little  delay. 

niiles. 

tant  towns  on 
nence  on  the 

stores  built 

ascent  from 
ich  a  char»r».' 
Josite  Catts- 
iegated  and 

to  JSTew-Le- 
'  the  steam- 


'  ITqt^ 


12 


8 

I 


^ 


S 


Hooher 


~Bf 

^ 

^^yr/m 

^''"^M^' 

^^ff  ff 

N 

1  ^ 

a 

fl  ^ 

^ 

fl   ^ 

^ 

'^ifl 

^' 

rsc 


CO. 


Bi>oA!*r 


TRAVELLER. 


19 


boat ;  as  tliere  is  a  direct  road  leading;  to  that  place,  and 
a  stage  coach  goes  twice  a  week.  The  distance  is  28 
miles,  Hudson  is  117^  miles  from  New- York,  and  27^ 
from  Albany. 

There  are  some  fine  country  seats  in  this  neighbour- 
hood. 

The  Overslagh,  4  miles  from  Albany,  is  a  place 
where  the  large  steam-boats  are  obliged  to  stop  when  the 
river  is  very  low,  because  the  water  is  much  more  shal- 
low beyond.  The  small  steam-boat  Fire-Fly  is  then  sent 
down  to  take  out  the  passengers  and  luggage ;  and  at 
the  hour  of  departure,  comes  down  with  the  passengers 
for  New- York. 


ALBANY,  145  miles  from  N.  York. 

Inns.  Rockwell's  Mansion  House,  in  North  Market- 
street;  Skinner's  do.  Cruttenden's,  do.  on  Capitol  Hill; 
Bamman's,  South  Market-street,  and  Fobes's,  near  the 
Steam-Boat  Wharf.  The  best  houses  in^t^tv  are  lai^e 
and  well  kept,  and  the  stranger  will  4mtlfllm\\ent  ac- 
commodations, provided  the  city  is  not  too  nflilich  filled  by 
the  session  of  the  legislature,  or  some  other  extraordinary 
occurrence.  The  charges  however  are  very  high  in  this 
city,  and  form  a  mighty  contrast  with  the  moderate  de- 
mands for  food,  lodging,  &c.  in  the  inns  along  the  course 
of  the  canal,  and  in  the  canal  boats  themselves. 

Routes  from  Albany.  Stage  coaches  run  daily  towards 
all  the  four  cardinal  points ;  and  six  or  eight  frequently 
set  off  in  the  same  direction.  Indeed  the  number  is  often 
much  greater  than  this,  when  the  full  crowd  of  travel- 
lers is  pressing  towards  the  springs.  Two  or  tUlUe  steam- 
boats go  daily  to  New- York,  small  packet  boats  go  on  the 
canal  to  the  Junction,  8  1-2  miles,  and  a  large  and  con- 
venient one  used  to  go  every  day  to  Schenectady,  28  1-2 
miles,  but  it  is  uncertain  whether  it  will  be  continued. 
The  circuit  and  delays  occasioned  by  the  locks, 
make  the  passage  consume  a  whole  day.  The  freight 
boats  of  the  Erie  and  Ontario  Transportation  Company 
are  very  numerous,  and  have  been  lately  fitted  up  very 
comfortably  for  passengers,  and  convey  them  at  a  less 


^ 


J  HE  NORTHERN 


price  than  the  regular  packets,  although  their  charge  Was 
reduced  last  October  to  2  1-2  cents  a  mile — dinner  31 
cents — breakfast  25 — supper  26— lodging  12  1-2.  How 
it  will  be  hereafter,  is  not  yet  known. 

For  places  on  the  various  routes,  see  the  index  at  the 
end. 

The  Capitol^  or  State  House,  occupies  a  commanding 
position,  and  contains  the  Assembly  and  Senate  cham- 
bers, the  Supreme  Court,  County  Courts,  &.c.  &c.  It  is 
116  feet  in  lensth,  90  in  breadth,  and  60  high.  On  the 
opposite  side  of  the  river  is  Greenbush,  famous  for  more 
than  a  century  as  a  cantonment ;  and  the  now  deserted 
lines  of  barracks  are  clearly  seen  from  the  State  House. 
This  is  the  first  point  worthy  of  notice,connected  with  the 
colonial  wars  against  Canada.  At  Greenbush,  the  troops 
supplied  in  quotas  by  the  eastern  colonies,  used  to  meet 
those  of  New-York ;  and  hence  they  proceeded  under 
commanders  appointed  by  the  British  government, 
against  their  enemies  in  the  north. 

Albany  received  a  great  impulse  during  the  late  war 
with  England,  on  account  of  its  local  position,  but  peace 
brought  with  it  a  fatal  stagnation  of  business,  the  effects 
of  Ibich  are  still  apparent  in  some  parts  of  the  city,  al- 
though the  more  natural  and  wholesome  prosperity 
which  already  begins  to  flow  in  through  the  canal,  has 
done  much  to  obliterate  them. 

The  Farmers'^  and  Mechanics^  Bank,  at  the  foot  of  State- 
Street,  is  a  handsome  building  of  white  stone ;  and  State- 
street  itself  deserves  to  be  mentioned,  on  account  of  its 
remarkable  breadth  as  well  as  steepness.  The  Museum 
is  in  South  Market-street.  There  is  a  cascade  at  the 
distance  qI  a  mile  and  a  half,  on  the  south-western  side 
of  the  txMh,  worthy  of  the  labour  of  a  walk  to  those 
who  are  fond  of  wild  and  s'^cluded  scenes.  The  stran- 
ger however,  will  want  a  guide  or  particular  directions 
to  Wendell's  Falls. 


LEBANON  SPRINGS,  25  m.  east  from  Albany. 

This  is  one  of  the  great  fashionable  places  of  resort, 
has  a  fine  natural  situation,  a  fertile  soil,  and  is  pla* 
ced  in  the  midst  of  a  fine  amphitheatre  of  hills  and 


TRAVELLER. 


21 


inountains.  the  waters  of  the  spring  arc  abundant,  and 
much  esteemed  for  bathhig,  always  keeping  ttie  tempe- 
rature of  72-  Falirenheit,  although  they  cannot  !je  sup- 
posed to  possess  any  mineral  virtues,  as  may  be  infcrre4 
from  an  examination  of  the  following  analysis  given  by 
Dr.  Meade,  and  quoted  by  Professor  Silliman :  Two 
quarts  of  the  Lebanon  water  contain 

Muriat  of  lime,  1  grain.  OfAenfnrm  iluid^ 

Muriat  of  Soda,  13-4  ^J  -^^"^^J^^  mjluids. 

Nitrogen  gas,         13  cubic  in. 

Atmospheric  air,     8        do. 


Sulphatoflime,  1  1-2 
Carbonat  of  do.     3-4 


5  grains. 


21 


The  Lebanon  water  is  therefore  purer  than  most  natu- 
ral waters,  and  purer  than  those  in  the  vicinity,  which 
flow  from  the  same  hill,  it  resembles  very  much  the 
Buxton  water  in  England,  though  it  is  not  quite  so  warm ; 
and  the  Bristol  water  is  another  example  of  tepid  water 
almost  entirely  without  mineral  qualities.  Professor 
Silliman  compares  the  scenery  about  Lebanon  Springs 
to  that  of  Bath  in  England.  It  is  however  graduated 
more  on  those  principles  of  taste  which  habit  cherishes 
in  an  American,  as  it  abounds  far  more  in  the  deep  hues 
of  the  forest,  and  every  where  exhibits  the  signs  of  pro- 
gressive improvement.  Few  places  can  be  found  in  this 
part  of  the  country,  where  the  views  are  so  extensive 
and  grand,  at  the  same  time  that  they  embrace  so  many 
rich  and  swelling  slopes,  with  so  many  a  scene  of  neat, 
beautiful,  and  productive  husbandry. 

Messrs.  Kerr  &  Hull's  house  at  the  springs,  is  \ery 
lai\ge,  commodious,  and  elegant ;  and  during  the  past 
season,  accommodated  300  persons  at  one  tii^  proba- 
bly as  many  as  any  public  house  in  the  counuy.  The 
attendance  and  table  will  be  found  excellent,  and  Sara- 
toga and  Ballston  waters  may  be  obtained  at  the  bar.  It 
stands  close  by  the  spring,  and  is  furnished  with  baths 
supplied  with  the  water.  The  old  house  has  been  put 
in  complete  repair,  and  fitted  up  anew ;  a  very  large  ad- 
dition was  built  to  it  in  1824,  which  attracted  vast 
numbers  of  visitors  to  the  place  in  both  the  succeeding 
seasons.    The  first  house  measurt^s  90  feet,  and  the  new 


dS 


THE  NORTHERN. 


one  ISO,  5  stories  high.  They  stand  in  the  form  ti  an 
L,  and  a  fine  piazza  runs  along  them  both,  measuring 
220  feet.  The  place  now  vies  with  Ballston  and  Stirato- 
^a ;  and  has  sometimes  counted  more  visitors  thftn  either 
of  them.  The  stranger  will  here  find  the  same  amuse- 
ment and  gaiety  growing  up  in  the  fashionable  season, 
and  witness  the  same  round  of  arrivals  and  emigrations, 
with  a  similar  decline  as  t!^ie  leaves  begin  to  change;  and 
if  not  too  much  an  admirer  of  nature  to  sufifer  the  ap- 
proach of  ennui,  he  may  perhaps,  after  too  long  a  delay, 
perceive  in  his  own  feelings  something  to  remind  him 
no  less  of  those  favourite  resorts  of  fashion  and  ease. 

From  the  Springs  to  Hudson  is  28  miles,  and  a  stage 
coach  goes  thither  twice  a  week.  The  following  b  a 
table  of  distances  on  the  road  to  Boston. 


Pittsfield,    -    -  9m. 

Dalton,  -    -    -  6 

Peru,      -    -    -  7 

Worthington,  -  8 

Chesterfield,    -  9 
*  Northampton,  13 

Hadley,    -    -  2 

Belchertown,  9 

Western,    -    -  7 


Brookfield, 
Spencer,    -    < 
Leicester,  -    • 
Worcester, 
Framingham, 
Weston,     -    - 
Watertown,    • 
Boston. 


■  7 
7 
6 
6 
20 
6 
5 
10 

135  miles. 


The  Shaker  Village,  a  few  miles  from  the  springs,  is 
an  object  of  attention  to  most  visitors.  The  village 
itself  presents  a  scene  of  great  neatness  and  beauty,  as 
ifL  is  situated  on  a  beautiful  level,  and  laid  out  with  the 
utmost  regularity.  The  fields  are  divided  by  rieht  lines, 
fienced  a^th  the  most  substantial  materials,  and  cultiva- 
ted witn  great  faithfulness  and  skill.  It  is  a  leading  prin- 
tciple  with  the  society,  to  allow  of  no  private  property ; 
all  the  possessions  of  each  person  who  joins  them,  are 
thrown  mto  the  common  stock,  and  submitted  at  once  to 
their  peculiar  system  of  life  and  government.    Celibacy 


*  Northampton  is  a  beautiful  town  on  Connecticut  River,  and 
well  worthy  of  a  day's  delay  at  least.  Mount  Holyok*  cominands 
the  finest  view  in  this  part  of  the  country,  and  is  easily  accessible. 


TRAVELLER. 


23 


they  insist  upon  as  indispensable ;  and  they  profess  to 
banl^ii  the  love  of  wealth  and  ambition,  as  well  as  l\}ft- 
ury  in  all  its  degrees,  from  their  territories. 

So  much  has  been  lately  published  on  t^jtr  peculiar 
doctrines,  that  few  words  need  to  be  saidBIre  on  the 
subject.  Not  that  theii'  principles  are  veiyperifectly  un- 
derstood by  the  publip ;  on  the  contrary,  tew  indeea  can 
be  said  to  comprehend  it,  even  among  the  society  itself. 
Indeed  it  o^y  pe  doubted,  whether  two  persons  could 
be  found  who  would  give  the  same  repre^  entation  of  the 
subj^^t. 

The  founder  of  their  sect  was  Ann  Lee,  who  came  frotn 
Eng^nd  some  years  ago,  and  established  a  small  ''family" 
as  tliey  call  it,  whicli  has  been  succeeded  by  various 
similar  institutions  in  dififerent  parts  of  the  country. 
Thev  regard  that  woman  as  nearly  equal  to  the  Saviour 
of  tne  world ;  and  themselves  as  the  only  persons  who 
havQ  received  tliat  spiritual  light  which  is  necessary  to 
understand  and  practice  the  (mty  of  man,  which  is,  to 
renounce  the  pleasures  of  the  world,  and,  by  a  life  of 
self  denial,  present  a  living  testimony  against  error  and 
wickedness.  Their  dress  is  plain,  ana  their  worship 
consists  principally  in  a  strange  and  disagreeable  kind 
of  dancing,  whence  they  have  their  name,  accompanied 
with  a  monotonous  song. 

Some  of  their  most  experienced  and  perfect  members, 
pretend  to  "  speak  with  tongues,"  heal  diseases  with  a 
touch  of  the  hand,  and  perform  other  miracles  like  the 
apostles.  They  are  generally  supplied  with  members 
in  the  children  of  poor  parents,  or  the  parents  them- 
selves, who  may  be  desirous  of  securing  a  comfortable 
living,  and  are  not  scrupulous  in  breaking  the  bonds  of 
nature,  by  considering  relationship  as  well  as  iliatri- 
monial  union  dissolvea,  which  the  rules  of  the  society 
strictly  demand.  Occasionally,  however,  they  receive 
more  lucrative  additions  from  an  individual  or  family  of 
wealth.  ^  I 

They  pay  great  attention  to  the  raising  of  gar^n  sieii  ■  I- 
in  most  of  their  villages,  as  well  as  to  seve#al  of  ttfe    * 
neater  branches  of  manufacture,  and  derive  from  both  ^ 
a  very  handsome  income,  by  making  sales  at  home  and 
*ii  distant  parts  of  the  country.    Whoever  has  an  oppor*  • 


24 


THE  NORTHERN 


'1^^^ 


t 


tunity  to  see  this  singular  people,  will  probably  feel 
gratined  with  their  neatness,  industry,  and  economy, 
but  will  probably  leave  the  place  with  pity  for  some, 
and  suspicHn  ot  others. 

Geology,  Tlite  tract  of  country  between  New-Lebannon 
and  Albany  istransition.  Bluish  grey  transition  lime  stone, 
with  veins  of  calcareous  spar,  abounds  here  in  strata  on 
a  great  scale,  with  a  consiclerahle  inclination.  It  is  com- 
pact, with  a  slaty  structure.  Grawacke  abounds  at  in- 
tervals; also  transition  slate,  and  a  fine  red  sand  stone. 
At  Greenbush  is  a  bed  of  uninflammable  fossil  coal,  or 
Anthrocite. 

The  Albany  Basin.  The  northern  and  western  canals 
unite  at  the  distance  of  8  1-2  miles  from  Albany,  and  ter- 
minate here.  To  afford  room  for  boats  to  lie  while  dis- 
charging or  receiving  their  cargoes,  a  large  basin  has  been 
built  in  the  Hudson,  which  extends  more  than  half  the 
length  of  the  city,  and  is  one  of  the  greatest  works  con- 
nected with  the  canal.     It  is  4000  feet  long. 

The  size  of  this  basin,  may  alford  the  stranger  some  idea 
of  the  extent  of  the  benefits  expected  from  the  canal ; 
and  probably  he  will  find  cause  to  think  them  not  over- 
rated, when  he  observes  the  number,  size  and  lading  of 
the  boats  which  already  avail  themselvesof  the  convenience 
and  security  of  this  construction.  Here  the  traveller  gets 
thefirst  view  of  objects  with  which  he  is  afterwards  to  be- 
come familiar,  and  if  he  is  travelling  this  way  for  the  first 
time  in  a  few  years,  he  mustlook  with  surprise  upon  the 
crowd  of  boats,  and  the  bustle  of  industry.  He  may 
look  upon  them  also  with  additional  int'nest ;  for  they 
will  be  hereafter  presented  to  his  view  m  many  va- 
rying forms,  though  still  preserving  the  characteristic 
aspect  and  impression,  which  distinguish  the  whole  line 
of  internal  improvements,  to  its  very  termination. 

The  route  to  Schenectady,  by  the  canal,  although  so 
much  longer  than  the  sta^e  road,  and  so  much  obstructed 
be  frequent  locks,  is  highly  worthy  of  the  traveller's  at- 
tention, either  in  going  or  in  returning ;  for  it  will  af- 
ford him  an  opportunity  of  seeing  the  junction  of  the  two 
canals,  the  Cohoes  Falls  on  the  Mohawk,  the  locks  by 
which  the  rise  of  land  is  artificially   surmounted,  the 


r 

k 


TRAVELLER. 


86 


aqueclncti!  which  bear  the  canal  twice  across  the  river, 
the  Wat  Iloix  rapid,  and  the  gap  through  which  the 
canal  passes  on  the  northern  side  of  the  Mohawk. 
The  packet  boats  used  to  leave  Albany  for  Schenectady 
every  day ;  if  they  should  have  ceased  running,  travellers 
may  find  very  good  accommodaiions  in  the  boats  of  the 
Ontario  and  Erie  transportation  Company,  which  are  all 
fitted  up  for  passengers,  and  carry  them  at  more  moderate" 
])rice8.  Other  boats  of  various  description  go  every  day  in 
the  same  direction. 


CANAL  FROM  ALBANY  TO  SCHENECTADY. 

The  boats  start  from  the  commencement  of  the  canal, 
which  is  at  the  north  end  of  Albany,  so  that  a  carriage 
will  be  necessary  for  the  traveller  and  his  lugeage. 

State  Arsenal,  6 1-2  miles,  at  Gibbons'-Ville.  The 
advantages  of  this  situation  will  be  immediately  per- 
ceived, the  vicinity  to  the  Hudson,  the  road,  and  the  ca- 
nal, aftbrding  every  convenience  for  the  transportation 
of  arms  and  ammunition.  This  depository  of  arms  &c. 
is  under  the  charge  of  Major  Hoops. 


TROY. 

On  the  opposite  side  of  the  river,  is  a  very  handsome 
town,  with  fine  hills  in  the  rear,  the  most  prominent  of 
which  has  received  the  name  of  Mount  Ida,  to  corres- 
pond with  the  classic  appellation  of  the  place.  There  is  a 
good  hormiferry,  which  helps  to  render  the  town  a  great 
thorough-fare  during  the  travelling  season.  The  Dam 
and  Basin  at  Troy  form  a  great  and  expensive  work,  and 
promise  great  benefit  to  th^  place,  by  diverting  a  part 
'of  the  business  of  the  canaL  For  Stage  road  to  Bos- 
ton, see  Index. 

As  I  suppose  the  traveller  personally  unacquainted 
with  this  part  of  the  country,  I  may  call  his  attention 
both  to  the  advantages  and  the  disadvantages  of  this 
mode  of  travelling.  The  opportunity  forlooking  around 
on  every  side  is  much  better  enjoyed  in  a  Canal  boat 
than  in  a  stage  coacii,  or  even  a  private  carriage,  al- 
though it  sometimes  happens,  that  the  road  commands 
C 


m 


THE  NORTH£RN 


I- 


more  extensive  views  than  the  canal.  The  iinmediatt^ 
scene  from  the  latter,  however,  will  usually  be  found 
the  most  agreeable  ;  for  a  smooth  sheet  of  water,  with 
level  and  often  grassy  banks,  is  a  more  pleasant  sight 
than  u  long  stretch  of  a  muddy  or  sandy  highway.  Be- 
sides, it  is  always  free  from  the  inconveniences  of  dust, 
which  frequently  render  the  roads  in  this  part  of  country 
extremely  uncomfortable.  ^ 

The  Junctiort  8  1-2  miles  from  Albany,  is  where  the 
Northern  and  Western  Canals  meet  and  unite.  To 
this  spot  the  canal  has  been  of  a  greater  width  than 
either  of  the  branches  will  be  found  to  be.  The 
Northern  canal  runs  to  Whitehall  on  Lake  George,  with 
locks,  a  distance  of  63  1-2  miles,  passing  through  Water- 
ford,  Half-moon,  Stillwater,  near  Bemis's  Helehts, 
(14  miles  from  Waterford,)  near  the  battle  grounds  of 
General  Burgoigne,  Fort  Hardy,  where  he  surrendered, 
Fort  Miller,  Fort  Edward,  and  Fort  Ann. 

The  Erie  or  Western  Canal  now  reaches  to  Lockport ; 
and  when  completed,  will  run  to  Buffalo,  on  lake  Erie, 
a  distance  of  362  miles.  It  has  83  locks,  which  raise 
and  lower  the  water  688  feet  in  all.  The  principal  points 
where  the  most  labour  and  expense  have  been  required, 
are  the  following : 

The  Basin  at  Albany,—- the  Dam  and  Basin  at  Troy, — 
the  Locks  at  the  Cohoes  Falls, — the  two  Aqueducts  on 
which  the  Canal  twice  crosses  the  Mohawk, — ^the  long 
Stone  Wall  and  Looks  at  Little  Falls,  together  with  the 
beautiful  Aqueduct  for  the  Feeder  at  that  place,*-4he 
long  wooden  Pier  or  dam  m  the  Onondaga  Swamp, — 
the  great  Embankment  at  Monroe,  where  lor  two  miles 
the  Boats  pass  72  feet  above  the  level, — ^the  Aqueduct 
over  the  Genesee  at  Rochester, — ^the  6  double  combi- 
ned Locks  at  Lockport,  and  the  long  Pier  at  Black 
Rock.  (^ 

The  principal  natural  objects  within  its  neighbour- 
hood, worthy  of  the  traveller's  attention,  are  the  follow- 

The  Cohoes  Falls,— Little  Falls,— the  Falls  of  Tren- 
ton, 14  miles  north-east  of  Utica, — the  Lakes  of  Oneida, 
Salina,  Onondaga,  Cayuga,  Seneca  and  Canandaigua ; 
the  three  Falls  of  the  Genesee  River  at  Rochester  and 
Carthage  ;  Niagara,  and  the  Lakes  of  Ontario  and  Erie. 


te 


i^ 


TRAVELLER 


ill 


96,782  Hi 


25,24480 
16,27600 


Amount  of  trasportntion  during  the  year  1S24,  on  both 
the  canals,  as  estimated  from  authentic  sources. 

1 12  tons  of  furs,  prices  varying,  from  24 
cents  to  $4  per  lb.  say,  on  an  average 
$1,50  $376,32000 

121, 756  bbls.  flour  at  $5, '25  639,21900 

19, 884  barrels  of  beef  and  porik,  averag- 
ing per  barrel  $9,  50  187,69800 
25,  895  barrels  of  pot  and  pearl-ash  at  $25  647, 375  00 
128,674 bushels  of  wheat,  at  $1,12  144.11488 
30,376  bushels  coarse  grain  at  46  cts  13,669  20 
612,  tons  of  gypsum  at  $4  2,04800 
340,884  gallons  of  wiskey  at  26  cts.              88,629  84 
8,295,610  feet  of  boards  and  plank  viz. 
6,530,407  feet  boards  at  $10  per  M.  and  2, 
754,203  feet  plank  at  $15  per  M. 
6,118  boxes  of  window  glass  at  $3  per  box  18,36400 
1,127  bbls.  linseed  oil,  at  70  cents  per 
gallon 
5,425  barrels  water  line  at  $3  per  bbl. 
1,056  M.  pipe,  hhd.  and  bbl.  staves  av- 
eragedat  $21,36                                                22,646  60 
3,120  bbls.  salt  at  $1,87  1-2  6,85000 
4,092  cords  of  fire  wood  at  $3,50                 14,322  00 

$2,309,206  43  i 

This,  it  will  be  recollected,  is  but  the  value  o( produce 
brought  down  from  the  west  and  the  north  to  Albany. 
The  value  of  the  merchandise  sent  back  in  return,  we 
know  not,  nor  is  it  material  to  our  purpose,  as  the  produce 
of  the  state,  after  all,  is  to  be  taken  as  the  criterion  of 
our  wealth.  In  the  above  list  there  are  many  articles 
omitted,  such  as  hops,  butter,  cheese,  lard,  wool,  paper, 
lumber,  &c.  which  will  swell  the  amount  several  hun- 
dred thousand  dollars.  To  transport  all  this  by  land, 
would  cost  a  day's  work  of  272,000  men  and  2  millions 
of  horses  more. 

In  the  unfinished  state  of  the  canals,  the  amount  of  tolls 
was,  in  1822,  $64,071  83 ;  in  ^823,  $151 .099  46;  in  1824, 
$340,642  22.  The  canals  will  be  completed  in  1826,  and 
it  is  estimated  that  on  the  first  of  Jan.  1826,  the  canal  debt 
will  amount  to  $7,602,092.  The  interest  on  this  will  be 
$410,0(X).  and  SlOO,OOOiseptimatedto  be  requisite  for 


n 


23 


THE  NORTHERN 


repairs  and  superintendence,  annually.  For  the  first  ten 
years  the  canal  tolls  are  estfmated  to  average  {§)70(),0U0 ; 
the  auction  duties  belonging  to  the  canal  fund,  $2f>0,CXX> 
and  the  salt  duties  $170,000.  The  income  from  tiie  tolls 
and  funds  of  the  canals  will  thus  yield  an  annual  surplus 
revenue  of  $610,000  to  be  applied  to  the  reduction  ot  th<: 
canal  debt,  which  it  is  estimated  will  be  paid  off  in  lOyean. 

COHOES  FALLS. 

This  is  the  great  Cataract  of  the  Mohawk  River;  and 
a  hasty  walk  along  the  bank  will  give  him  an  opi)ortu- 
nity  to  view  the  scene  from  a  near  point.  The  height 
of  the  fall  is  78  feet.  The  banks  are  mere  walls  of  strati- 
fied rock,  rough,  and  sometimes  hollowed  out  beneath, 
rising  about  140  feet  above  the  river  for  a  great  distance 
below  the  falls.  At  first  view  the  cataract  appears 
almost  as  regular  as  a  mill-dam,  but  on  a  nearer  ap- 
proach the  ledge  of  rocks  over  which  the  water  is  pre- 
cipitated, is  found  extremely  irregular  and  broken. 
Many  fine  fish  are  caught  at  the  bottom.  • 

The  lower  Aqueducty  2  1-2  miles.  On  account  of  the 
difficulty  of  cutting  the  canal  along  this  side  of  the  river, 
above  this  place,  it  was  found  easier  to  carry  it  over,  as 
there  is  a  natural  channel  on  the  other  side,  which  will 
be  seen  with  surprise.  This  aqueduct  is  1188  feet  long, 
and  rests  on  26  stone  piers  and  abutments. 

Wat  Hoix  Qap^  2  1-2  miles — the  channel  above  men- 
tioned. 

Upper  Aquedwt,  9  1-2  miles — 748  feet  long,  and  rests 
on  16  piers. 

ScHEivECTADY  is  one  of  the  oldest  settlements  in  the 
state,  having  been  occupied  as  a  little  frontier  fortress 
before  the  year  1666,  when  it  was  attacked  by  a  party 
of  French  and  Indians  from  Canada,  and  burnt,  and 
many  of  tlie  inhabitants  murdered.  This  party  was 
designed  against  the  Five  Nations ;  but  being  much 
worn  down  with  travelling  in  the  winter,  they  fell  on 
Schenectady. 

The  appearance  of  the  town  is  now  fast  improving. 
It  wac  remarkable,  until  within  a  very  few  yeai's,  for 
the  antique  and  foreign  aspect  of  its  buildings,  and  thn 
inconvenience  of  its  streets,  having  retained  in  a  singu- 
lar degree  the  Dutch  fashions  in  architecture,  &c.    As 


4- 


Ihe  first  ten 
$70(),0U0; 
I,  $2r>(),(MM> 
)ni  the  toll^i 
lual  surplus 
Dtion  ot  the 
VmlOyean. 


River;  and 
an  opportu- 
The  height 
ills  of  strati- 
ut  beneath, 
sat  distance 
ict  appears 
,  nearer  ap- 
rater  is  pre- 
nd   broken. 


* 


ount  of  the 
of  the  river, 
y  it  over,  as 
vsrhich  will 
8  feet  long, 

above  men- 

ig,  and  rests 

lents  in  the 
ier  fortress 

by  a  party 
burnt,  aad 

party  was 
}eing  much 
hey  fell  on 

improving, 
w  years,  for 
gs,  and  the 
&  in  a  singu- 
ire,  fee.    As 


'%- 


I 


\» 


A, 


f  f^ 


TKAVELLEH. 


ilii 


I  he  Canai  lias  nothing  to  bestow  upon  Schenectady,  ex- 
cept the  empty  honours  of  a  passing  salute,  the  placR 
can  never  expect  an  extensive  increase. 

Union  College  is  conspicuously  situated  a  little  out  of 
town.  Two  large  stone  buildings  have  been  erected 
several  years,  and  if  the  original  plan  is  ever  completed, 
the  appearance  of  the  institution  will  be  remarkably 
striking.  In  1824  it  had  284  students.  Dr.  Notti  *  president. 


4  1-2 
7  2"i 


J  ROM  SCHENECTADY  TO  UTICa, 
Bi/  the  CanaU  61  1-2  miles. 

3  miles,  Rotterdam  Flats, 
8       -      Flint  Hill,  in  Florida, 

10     -      Fort  Hunter  on  the  right.    Queen  Ann's  cha- 
pel, and  the  site  of  the  Mohawk  Fort,  or 
castle, 
1       -      Schoharrie  Creek,  with  the  Dam  and  singu- 
lar ferry  for  Canal  boats, 

Caughnawaga.  Johnstown  is  4  miles  off  to 
the  right, 

Anthony's  Nose,  (a  high  hill)  and  the  great 
cave.     See  plate  second. 

Lock,  No.  37,  Canajoharie  creek  and  village. 
Regular  carriages  go  hence  to  Cherry  Vai- 
Ity,  Tuesdays  and  Fridays, 

Village  of  Fort  Plain, 

Dam  across  the  Mohawk,  and  Feeder, 

East  Canada  Creek,  on  the  opposite  shore  of 
the  river, 

Mohawk  castle.     Church  for  the  Indians, 

Once  the  residence  of  Gen.  Herkimer,  who 
was  killed  at  Oriskany  battle. 

Little  Falls,  Locks  and  village, 

German  Flats, 

Lock,  No.  48.  On  the  south  side  is  an  old 
church,  once  used  as  a  place  of  defence ; 
also  Fort  Herkimer. 

Herkimer  village  seen  on  the  north  side. 

Lock,  No.  53.     Here  begins  the  long  level. 


4  . 

4  - 

3  1-2 

a  - 

3  - 

3  - 

3  - 

3  - 


1  1-2 
5  3-4 
C2 


v 


i   ■    i 


fi 


30  THE  NORTHERN 

which  reaches  to   Salina,    69  1-2  mile- 
without  a  lock, 
19  3-4       Utica. 


At  Johnstown,  on  the  road,  are  two  fine  houses, 
built  of  stone,  standing  at  the  distance  of  a  mile  from 
each  other.  They  were  erected  by  Sir  William  John- 
son and  his  family,  as  this  tract  of  country  was  his 
residence,  and  formed  a  part  of  his  vast  and  valuable 
estate.  There  was  originally  a  third  house,  similarly 
built  and  at  the  interval  of  another  mile :  but  this 
was  consumed  by  fire.  Col.  Guy  Johnson  and  Col. 
John  Johnson,  (sons  of  Sir  William,)  inhabited  the  two 
first,  until  the  revolutionaiy  war ;  when,  having  attach- 
ed themselves  to  the  British  interest,  they  removed  into 
Canada,  and  their  estates  were  confiscated.  Col.  John 
afterwards  came  down  with  a  party  of  French  and  In- 
dians, attacked  the  town  and  made  prisoners  many  of 
his  old  friends  and  neighbours. 

The  third  mansion  was  on  the  other  side  of  the  road, 
and  was 


The  Residence  of  Sir  William  Johnson, 

for  several  of  the  last  years  of  his  life.  This  distinguish- 
ed man,  who  makes  so  conspicuous  a  figure  in  the  history 
of  the  state  about  the  time  of  the  French  war,  was  born 
in  Ireland  in  1714,  and  in  1734  came  to  America,  at  the 
solicitation  of  his  imcle.  Sir  Peter  Warren,  who  had  ac- 
quired a  large  estate  here  through  his  wife.  Sir  William 
became  well  acquainted  with  the  Indian  langupge  and 
manners,  and  acquired  a  greater  influence  over  them 
than  any  other  white  man  ever  possessed.  He  rose, 
from  the  station  of  a  private  solcier  to  the  rank  of  a 
General,  and  commanded  at  Lake  George  in  1755, 
although,  as  will  hereafter  be  seen,  the  title  which  he 
there  receiVed,  was  really  merited  by  Gen.  Lyman. 
July  26, 1759,  he  took  fort  Niagara,  and  in  17^  went  to 
join  Gen.  Amherst  at  Oswego,  and  assisted  in  the  cap- 
ture of  Montreal.  He  died  and  was  buried  at  his  seat, 
July  7,  1774,  at  the  age  of  60,  very  rich,  in  consequence 
of  the  increased  Talue  of  his  extensive  estate  after  the 
French  war. 


2  milo.«. 


5  houses, 
lile  from 
am  John- 
was  his 
valuable 
similarly 
but  this 
and  Col. 
1  the  two 
ig  attach- 
oved  into 
Col.  John 
\i  and  In- 
I  many  of 

the  road, 


SON, 

istinguish- 
he  history 
was  born 
|ca,  at  the 
o  had  ac- 
Ir  William 
irge  and 
Iver  them 
He  rose 
•ank  of  a 
in  1755, 
hich  he 
Lyman, 
went  to 
the  cap- 
his  seat, 
[sequence 
after  the 


* 


\v    \ 


Alba 
nl'  bl 

pond 
hhiid 
amor 
Cath( 
Ha 


Thi 

lion  o 

one  oi 

try.    J 

Utica, 

in  the 

excurs 

tained 

deviou 

exceilc 

an  £n^ 

interest 

well  w 

Fron 

the  stee 

cut  af 

places  ] 

a  decli 

four  mi 

cascade 

easily  I 

the  roc 

places  1 

to  pass; 

OP  some 

head,    s 

an  artifi 


JUAVELLEIl, 


at 


UTICA. 

This  is  the  largest  of  all  the  towns  in  this  state  west  ot" 
Albany,  its  population  being  about  4,600.  The  style 
of  building  is  very  handsome,  and  in  some  eases  quite 
elegant ;  and  the  manners  of  the  inhabitants  correp- 
pondently  polished  and  intelligent.  There  are  several 
handsome  Churches  here,  and  many  religious  sects, 
among  which  are  enumerated  a  congregation  of  Roman 
Catholics. 

Hamilton  College  is  situated  in  the  village  of  Clin- 
ton, 9  miles  from  Utica.    It  has  about  100  students. 


TRENTON  FALLS. 

This  most  interesting  object  is  well  worthy  the  atten- 
tion of  every  person  of  taste,  being  justly  considered 
one  of  the  finest  natural  scenes  in  this  part  of  the  coun- 
try. It  will  be  necessary  to  get  a  horse  or  carnage  at 
Utica,  as  no  stage  coach  runs  that  way  ;  and  to  set  off 
in  the  morning,  as  the  whole  day  is  not  too  long  for  the 
fxcursion.  Particular  directions  should  also  be  ob- 
tained before  se^tting  out,  as  the  nearest  road  is  veiy 
devious,  and  the  country  is  but  thinly  populated.  An 
excellent  inn  is  kept  near  the  falls  by  Mr.  Sherman, 
an  Englishman,  who  has  a  large  collection  of  rare  and 
interesting  petrifactions  collected  among  the  rocks, 
well  worthy  of  examination. 

From  his  house  you  descend  a  long  stair  case  down 
the  steep  bank  of  tne  West  Canada  Creek,  which  has 
cut  a  frightful  chasm  through  a  rocky  range,  in  some 
places  150  ft.  deep,  and  is  seen  gliding  swiftly  by  through 
a  declining  channel  below.  The  chasm  continues  lor 
four  miles,  and  presents  the  most  interesting  variety  ot* 
cascEMles  and  rapids,  boiling  pools  and  eddies  which  can 
easily  be  imagined.  The  passage  or  chasm  between 
the  rocks  is  every  where  very  narrow,  and  in  some 
places  barely  of  sufficient  breadth  to  permit  the  stream 
to  pass;  while  the  rocks  rise  perpendicularly  on  each  side, 
or  sometimes  even  project  a  considerable  distance  over 
head,  so  that  it  has  been  often  necessary  to  form 
an  artificial  path  by  means  of  gun-powder.    These  pas- 


3-J 


THE  NORTHERN 


I    I       :!, 


sages  appear  dangerous,  but  only  requipe  a  little  caution 
and  presence  of  mind  to  ensure  the  safety  of  the  visitor, 
as  strong  iron  chains  are  fixed  into  the  rock  to  offer  him 
security.  There  arc  four  principal  cataracts  between 
the  stair  ca^c  by  which  you  first  descend,  and  the  usual 
limit  of  an  excursion,  which'  is  about  a  mile  and  aquar- 
tor  up  the  stream.  The  first  of  these  you  discover  soon 
after  the  first  turning,  and  is  about  40  feet  high ;  with 
the  greatest  fall  towards  the  West.  The  top  of  the  rock- 
on  the  right  side  is  1.50  feet  high  ]>y  line  measurement, 
the  second  is  aregiilai  fall,  much  like  a  mill-dam,  about 
8  feet  high  ;  the  third,  a  remarkably  striking  and  beau- 
tiful one,  is  35  feet,  and  the  fourth  rather  a  succession  of 
cascades,  but  presenting  many  most  agreeable  varieties. 

About  a  mile  and  a  tftiarter  from  the  house,  is  a  small 
building  lately  erected  for  the  supply  of  refreshments. 

A  singular  species  of  tree  is  found  in  this  neighbour- 
hood, called  the  white  cedar,  with  drooping  branches, 
which  often  grow  to  such  a  length  as  to  descend  far  be- 
low the  root,  in  stooping  towards  the  water. 

The  rocks  there  are  all  a  dark  lime-stone,  of  a  ver\ 
slaty  structure,  and  contain  astonishing  quantities  ol 
petrified  marine  shells  and  other  animals  of  an  antedilu- 
vian date,  such  as  Dilobites,  Trilobites,  &.c.  &c. 

There  are  several  other  cataracts  besides  those  already 
mentioned,  both  above  and  below;  and  a  strange: 
might  spend  sometime  here  veiy  agreeably  in  observing 
tliem  at  leisure,  and  in  catching  the  fine  trout  with  whicli 
the  creek  abounds.  The  house  is  commodious,  and  has 
the  reputation  of  furnishing  one  of  the  best  tables  in  th'h 
paii  oft  he  state. 

FROM  UTICA  TO  SYRACUSE. 

Bi/  the  Canal,  63  3-4  miles. 

Whitesborough, 4  miles. 

Oriskany  village, 7      - 

Rome,  on  the  right,  -        -        -        -        8      - 

Feeder  from  Wood  Creek,  and  the  old  U.  S. 

Arsenal,  - 1- 

Oneida  Creek, 14      - 

Lock  54,  end  of  the  long  level,        -        -       29     - 

Svracusp. —  3-4 


TRAVELLER. 


3:i 


Whitestown  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  villages  in  this 
part  of  the  state,  as  well  as  the  oldest  seltlenuMit.  \ll 
this  tract  of  country  was  a  perfect  wildernehs  in  1785, 
when  Mr.  White  from  Middletown  in  Connecticut  first 
took  up  his  abode  here  and  lifted  an  axe  !i«,'iiinst  the 
forest.  The  traveller  may  keep  this  in  mind  as  he  pur- 
sues his  journey,  and  the  progress  of  civilization  will 
appear  the  most  astonishing. 


SIEGE  OF  FORT  STANWIX. 

On  the  road  from  Whitestown  to  Rome,  is  the  spot 
where  Gen.  Herkimer  sat  down  under  a  tree,  after  re- 
ceiving his  mortal  wound.  In  1777  Gen.  Bui-goyne  sent 
between  15  and  1800  men,  part  salvages,  under  Baron 
St.  Leger,  to  go  from  Montreal,  by  Lake  Ontario,  to  at- 
tack Fort  Stan  wix;  and  then  to  go  down  the  Mohawk 
to  Albany.  Early  in  August  they  arrived  at  Fort  Stan- 
wix.  Gen.  Herkimer,  commander  of  the  militia  of 
Tryon  county,  was  sent  against  them  with  800  men. 
His  men  insisted  on  going  on,  to  meet  a  detachment 
under  Sir  J.  Johnson,  sent  out  by  St.  Leger;  but  at  the 
first  shot  they  fled.  A  few  remained  and  fought,  and 
Gen  H.  was  killed.  Congress  voted  a  monument  to  his 
memory,  but  it  has  never  been  erected.  The  Americans 
lost  160  killed,  and  240  wounded  and  prisoners.  Two 
miles  below  Fort  Stanwixthe  canal  commences  between 
the  Mohawk  and  Wood  Creek ;  so  that  Rome  separates 
the  waters  of  the  Hudson  and  the  St.  Lawrence. 

Fort  Stanwix  is  60  or  80  rods  N.  E.  of  the  centre  of  the 
village  of  Rome.  A  deep  ditch,  three  rows  of  palisades, 
with  a  block-house  in  the  middle.  It  was  defended 
against  St.  Leger,  by  Col.  GafKevoort.  Lieut.  Col. 
Willet  drove  him  oif  by  a  sortie,  and  plundered  the 
camp.  He  was  intercepted  on  his  return,  but  cut  his 
way  through,  and  returned  without  loss  of  a  man 
When  Sir  J.  Johnson  returned  from  the  battle  with  Gen. 
Herkimer,  the  fortress  was  summoned,  but  refused  to 
surrender;  and  Col.  Willett  and  Lieut.  Stockton  left  the 
fort  to  inform  the  people  towards  Albany  of  its  situation. 
They  crept  through  the  enemy's  camp,  and  got  to  Gen. 
Schuyler's  head  quarters  at  Stillwater.     Gen.  Arnofd 


34 


THE  NORTHERN 


n  r 


■f!   \ 


volunteered  to  rel'K've  it.  He  frightened  the  besiegeiv 
by  means  of  two  emissaries,  an  Indian  and  awhile  mj;n, 
who  told  such  stories  of  the  force  of  the  Americans,  tlini 
they  left  their  baggage  and  fled  precipitately  to  Oneida 
Lake. 

Cherry  Valley  was  attacked  in  the  revolutionary 
war  by  Captain  Butler,  who  came  down  from  Canada 
with  600  men,  intending  to  take  the  Fort.  Being  disap. 
pointed  in  his  undertaking,  he  fell  upon  the  villajre,  and 
murdered  a  great  number  of  the  dt*fcnce1ess  inhabitants. 
Returning  up  the  Mohawk,  towards  East  Canada  Creek 
and  Oneida  Lake,  the  usual  route  in  those  times  bctwepu 
the  Indian  country  and  Canada,  he  fell  on  Fort  Plain, 
(now  Canajoharie,)  where  he  perpetrated  similar  atroci> 
ties.  He  happened,  however,  to  cross  the  Mohawk 
beyond  this  place  ;  and  while  he  was  carelessly  follow- 
ing his  traops  at  some  distance,  near  the  mouth  of  East 
Canada  Cfreek,  he  was  overtaken  by  two  Oneida  Indians, 
who  immediately  prepared  to  take  his  life.  He  used 
many  intreaties  t>  spare  him,  but  they  yelled  •<*  Sherry 
Valley^  Shcrrif  Valley  /"  and  tomah>^virked  him  on  the 
spot.   ' 

ONEIDA  CASTLE. 

This  is  a  village  on  the  confines  of  a  tract  of  reserved 
land  belonging  to  the  Indians  of  the  Oneida  nation. 
The  principal  residences  of  most  of  the  Indians  in  this 
part  of  the  country  were  formerly  fortified  in  a  manner  1 
coresponding  with  their  ideas  of  warfare,  and  hence  the 
name  of  castle  attached  to  this  village,  as  well  as  to 
several  others  we  may  have  occasion  to  speak  of  further 
on. 

The  Oneidas  were  one  of  the  original  Five  Nations, 
which  form  so  conspicuous  a  figure  in  the  history  of  this  | 
state.  The  best  and  most  interesting  account  of  them 
will  be  found  in  Colden's  history,  to  which  valuable 
work  the  curious  reader  is  referred.  They  formerly  re- 
sided, says  that  author,  on  the  shores  of  the  St.  Law- 
rence, near  where  Montreal  now  rtands;  but  being| 
driven  from  their  country  b'>  the  Arondiacks,  a  power- 
ful and  warlike  nation,  wandered  towftrds  the  soutlil 


■•      I!. 


\l 


the  besiegers 

a  white  mnn, 

mericans,  tlini 

tcly  to  Oneida 

revolutionary 
from  Canada 
Being  6h&\> 
le  viilajre,  and 
S8  iniialutants. 
Canada  Creek 
times  between 
m  Fort  Plain, 
similar  atroci- 
the  Mohawk 
elessly  follow- 
mouth  of  East 
)neida  Indians, 
life.  He  used 
"^elled  -"  Sherry 
id  him  on  the 


ict  of  reserved 
)neida  nation. 
Indians  in  this 
d  in  a  manner 
and  hence  tho 
as  well  as  to 
peak  of  further 

Five  Nations, 
history  of  thi? 
!Ount  of  them  | 
hicli  valualde 
y  formerly  re- 1 
the  St.  Law- 
is;    but  being  I 
icks,  a  power- 
rds  the  soiitli 


r 


\ 


r<::z::.. 

'901  AUUCUV  'V 


:j 


\ 


^r^ 


r<t» 


I 


'A 


w 


QQ 


■ 


,-f 


■  i 

\ 


■Heg*VjiWbiw»ei^ 


/ 


.m 


they  IK 
Europe 
Fr«Miclj 
sent  ul) 
vaturs 
turned 
.sucee.ss 
tlie  Ari) 
power 
N»'W-V<. 
wide, 
sylvaniii 
sought  t 
Hiiusori 
They  im 
But  sine 
the  losse 
[brought 
[ young  m 
the  tribe 
nal  habi 
however 
their  disa 
A  mile 
the  anci< 


Where 

for  many 

butternut 

little  dist) 

verdure. 

I  years,  am 

obstructif 

Towards 

church, a 

of  tlie  In 

[York,  anc 

[man  succi 

Ipastorofi 


# 


TllAVELLER. 


36 


wtv4,  unil  settled  along  the  Lakes  of  New-York,  where 
they  now  live     This  occurred  before  the  arrival  of  any 
Kiiropeiuis  in  thin  purl  of  the  continent  ;  and  when  the 
iHMich  cjinn;  to  Quebec,  in    1()0.'3,  thoy  held  their  pre- 
sent abode.     On  the  St.  Lawrence  they  had  been  culti- 
vators of  the   ground,  but  after  their  expulsion  they 
tui'iK'd   their  attention  to  warlike  deeds  with  so  much 
success  that  they  finally  triumphed  over  their  enemies 
the  Arondiackn,  and  almost  exterminated  them.     Their 
power  and  iiiHuoiice,  at  the  time  of  the  settlement  of 
Ni'W-Vork  nnd  New-England,   were  extended  far  and 
wide.     They  held  the  Delawares  in  subjection  in  Penn- 
sylvania and  Delaware  ;   the  C'herokees  in  S.  Carolina 
sought  their  friendship ;  and  all  the  country  between  the 
Hiulson  and  Connecticut  rivers  was  tribute  ry  to  them. 
They  must  have  been  at  that  time  extremely  numerous. 
But  since  then  their  decrease  has  been  great ;  for  besides 
tlie  losses  they  have  sustained  in  wars,  and  the  diseases 
brought  upon  them  by  civilized  vices,  many  of  their 
young  men  have  left  their  native  country  to  go  and  join 
the  tribes  who  sti  '  preserve  some  portion  of  their  origi- 
nal habits  and  independence.     Some  of  the  nations, 
however,  are  said  to  be  gradually  increasing,  under  all 
their  disadvantages. 

A  mile  east  oi  Oneida  Creek,  and  by  the  road  8ide,is 
the  ancient 


COUNCIL  GROVE, 

Where  all  the  public  business  of  the  nation  has  been 
for  many  years  transacted.  It  is  fonned  of  27  fine 
butternut  trees,  which,  in  the  summer  season,  from  9l 
^little  distance,  present  a  beautiful  and  regular  mass  ot* 
j  verdure.  It  was  carefully  fenced  in,  until  within  a  few 
years,  and  kept  clear  of  all  brush,  fallen  limbs,  and  other 
obstructions,  but  has  now  become  a  mere  thoroughfare. 
Towards  the  south  east  from  this  place  is  seen  the 
church,  a  handsome  building  recently  erected  forjthe  use 
of  the  Indians,  by  the  Vestry  of  Trinity  Church  in  New- 
York,  and  supplied  by  them  at  present  with  a  young 
man  successor  to  the  Rev.  Mr.  Williams,  for  some  years 
pastor  of  an  Indian  congregation  here,  and  now  gone  to 


n«lllil   ■.  Il<mj>. ~ 


is^ 


THE  NORTHERN 


;■!  ' 


■:# 


I:  . 


M      1: 


jtoms 


IS 


Green  Bay.     Great  numbers  of  the  white  persons  troi      .  . 
the  neighbourhood  also  attend  service  at  this  house,  am  p'?""®^ 
this  union  of  people  so  different  in  habits,  in  one  act  o  '!  1^  ^^^ 
worship,  is  a  very  interesting  sight.  ^^^}2P' 

In  the  scattering  village  about  half  a  mile  beyon(|„T°^  ^ 
there  are  several  decent  and  comfortable  frame  h  -i  j"®  ' 
inhabited  by  Indian  families,  whose  habits  have  rise 
higher  grade  than  most  of  the  nation,  although  many  * 
t{»em  are  gradually  improving,  by  betaking  themselvf 
to  agriculture.  A  handsome  school-house  has  ibe 
erected  at  the  same  place,  the  frame  of  which  was  4l 
and  raised  under  the  direction  of  a  young  Indian,^ J  i9  p 
what  he  had  learnt  by  watching  the  progress  of  the  f  jfowt 
ders  employed  several  years  before  on  his  brother^^'^*  The 
house  hard  by.  This  instance  alone  is  more  conclusi^i'*^  the  \ 
of  the  Indian  mental  capacity  for  acquiring  useful  arfj  great 
than  all  the  reasoning  to  the  contrary  their  enemies  haf  j*f  se  vat 
eVer advanced. 

The  Oneida  nation  derived  their  name  from  a  whil 
stone  on  a  hiil  five  miles  southerly  from  this  place, 
which  they   long  paid  a  superstitious  worship, 
w^ord  ^'OwezVa"  in4heir  curious  and  wonderful langu 
signifies  a  stone  on  a  h?s;h  hill.     Many  of  f.hei.i  w 
idolaters  until  within  a  'short  time ;  but  a  few  years 
the  nation  renouncedtheir  ancient  superstitious  rites, 
declared  in  favour  of  Christianity. 


BROTIIERTOWN  AND  NEW-STOCKBRIDGE 


nd  are 
orks  at  i 
e  large  j 
ised  a  lit 
ith  a  vei 
w   slOM 

nge  of  V 
cularly 
n  evapo 
•sited  ' 
ater  is 
purities 
hite  cruj 
Light  w 
is  when 
t  once  i 
re  hous 


ir 


Arc  two  villages  a  few  miles  south  easertly  from  hei 
situated  on  part  of  the  old  Oneida  reservation,  but  graiili 
to  some  of  their  scattered  Indian  brethern  from  Penns] 
vania  and  New-England.     New-Stockbridge  is  the 
sent  habitation  of  the  Stockbridge  tribe,  who  carael^^"^ 
an  invitation  from  the  Oneidas  some  years  ago.  They*^     ^t^^^ 
Chi'istian  ministers  among  them  long  before  they 
moved  from  Stockbridge  in  Massachusetts. 

Many  of  them  now  reside  at  Green  Bay,  on  land  gi 
them  by  the  Menominies,  a  nation  with  whom  they 
on   the    most   friendly    terms;   and  are  adop'^^"?™ a-pp 
a  good  extent  the  arts  of  civilized  life.    They  have  ii»    .,  ^' 
tod  the  Oneidas  to  join  them ;  but  as  they  and  the  3l|^  rvo^t 

D 


en  ready 
It  is  seal 
rly  said 
oi^t  100 
the  autl 


hite  persons  tVoi 


bits,  in  one  act  o 


tRAVELLER. 


37 


-.   .  ominiesh  have  some  old  quarrels  remaining  unsettled, 

.  at  this  house,  an  .^.gj^ylj^yj  whether  they  will  accept  of  the  propo- 


If  a  mile  beyom 
able  frame  h 
ibits  have  rise 
,  although  many 
Btaking  themselvf 
ol-house  has  ibe 
3f  which  was 
oung  Indian, 
irogress  of  the 


sition. 

The  Brothertown  Indians  have  been  collected  from 
"  'j4ie  remnants  of  tribes  in  New-England  and  Long 

.^'ld,  and  practise  comparatively  few  of  the  Indian 

Jfdms. 


(oe 


SYRACUSE. 


is  place  is  no  less  remarkable  for  the  rapidity  of 
.fowth,  than  for  the  peculiar  advantages  of  its  situa- 


^    his  brotheT^"-  '^^®  great  Salt  Spring  is  only  a  mile  and  ahalf  distant, 
^  ^^  re  conclusi^P^  ^^^  water  is  brought  in  hollow  logs  to  the  salt  vats, 
*^  ^^  s:  useful  artfc  &^^^^  abundance,  and  at  a  very  trifling   expense, 
cquinng       ^^^  haf^®^®  ^^^^  ^*^*  ^®  ^®®"  ^*  *^^  western  side  of  the  village, 
tneir  e-  w  ^  ^^^  ^^U  ^Q^jiy  ^f  ^  day*s  delay,  as  well  as  the 

f    m  a  whil°^^^**  Salina,  Liverpool  and  Geddesburgh.    The  vats 
name  iro    ^^^^  ^e  large  pans  made  of  wood,  three  or  four  inches  deep^ 

3us  worship, 
wonderful  languE 


lany  of  Ihei.i  we 
but  a  few  years  f 
iperstitious  rites,! 


iTOCKBRIDGE 


1 


ised  a  little  from  the  ground,  and  placed  in  long  ranges, 
ith  a  very  gradual  descent,  to  permit  the  salt  water  to 
w  slowly  along  from  one  en-?  to  the  other.  Each. 
nge  of  vats  is  supplied  by  a  holloW  log  placed  perpen* 
cularly  in  the  ground ;  and  the  constant  action  of  the 
n  evaporates  the  water,  and  leaves  the  salt  to  be  de- 
>sited  in  small  cubical  crystals  at  the  bottom.  The 
ater  is  at  first  a  little  thick,  but  gradually  deposits  its 
ipurities ;  and  the  lower  vats  always  show  a  Dvcautiful 
,  -hite  crust,  like  the  purest  snow. 
easertly  from  nej  j^.gj^^  wooden  roofs  are  kept  ready  to  slide  over  the 
ervation, but  gran A^g  ^,^^^  the  weather  requires  it ;  and  the  salt  is  taken 
thorn  from  I^enn»j  ^^^^^  -^^  ^^^  ^^  ^y^^^^  ^^^^^  ^^  1^^  deposited  In  the 
)ckbridge  is  the  m^i.^  houses,  which  are  built  at  regular  distances, 
tribe,  who  came  i^jj^j^^.^  ^^^^  ^^  ^^g.jy  mo^ed  to  the  canr!,  and  are 
years  ago .  1  ney  "len  ready  for  transportation  to  any  part  of  the  country. 
ng  before  they  ■  j^  jg  scarcely  three  years  since  the  town  may  be  pro- 
husetts.  Ifly  said  to  have  been  begun.    In   1823  there  were 

n  Bay,  on  land  gimoi^t  100  houses,  and  the  number  was  doubled  in  1824. 
with  whom  ^"f y^l  the  autumn  of  the  latter  year  the  salt  vats  covered 
nd  are  adopiing| ^^^j.^^^  and  about  140  acres  more  had  been  cleared 
fe .  They  have  ^mva  the  surrounding  forest,  for  the  purpose  of  extending 
IS  they  and  the  ♦  |^  works,  under  the  direction  of  %  company  whOer 


D 


"*wiw»'' '■iiwia''avj  -.-rrrns-r 


38 


THE  NORTHERN 


enterprize,  seconded  by  the  formation  of  the  canal,  ijl 
likely  to  prove  of  great  and  permanent  advantage  to  thel 
country  as  well  as  to  themselves.  Under  the  same  en-l 
couraging  prospects,  the  village  has  acauired  its  suddei 
growth  and  importance ;  large  blocks  oi  stores  have  beei 
built  on  both  sides  of  the  canal,  two  or  three  large  innj 
and  stage  houses  are  ready  for  the  accommodation 
travellers,  and  a  handsome  church  has  been  nearly  coi 
pleted.  Improvements  are  still  going  on  rapidly,  and 
it  is  difficult  to  foretel  where  they  will  stop. 


A.  < 


S  I 


f 


■^ 


SALINA 

Is  situated  a  mile  and  a  half  north  from  this  place,  and 
should  not  be  passed  by  unnoticed.     A  small  but  convel 
nient  little  packet  boat  is  continually  plying  between 
the  two  places,  drawn  by  a  single  horse,  and  passes  b> 
many  salt  manufactories,  built  and  building  on  bothl 
sides  of  the  canal.    The  mode  of  evaporation  generallyl 
adopted  here  is  that  of  boiling ;  and  a  brief  descriptioni 
will  convey  a  clear  idea  of  the  process.   Each  building 
contains  sixteen  or  eighteen  large  iron  kettles,  which  are 
placed  in  two  rows,  forming  what  is  called  "a  block." 
They  stand  about  three  feet  higher  than  the  floor ;  and 
under  them  is  a  large   furnace,   which  is  heated  with 
pine  wood,  and  requires  constant  attention  to  keep  the 
water  always  boiling.     The  water  is  drawn  from  a  large 
reservoir  at  one  end  of  the  building,  after  having  beeni 
allowed  to  stand  awhile  and  deposit  the  impurities  iti 
has  brought  along  with  it.    A  hollow  log,  with  a  pumpl 
at  one  end,  and  furnished  with  openings  against  thel 
kettles,  is  the  only  machine  used  in  filling  them.    Thai 
first  deposit  made  by  the  water  after  the  boiling  com- 
menced, is  a  compound  of  several  substances,  and  isl 
thrown  away ,  unaer  the  name  of  "  Bittern ;"  but  thel 
pure  white  salt,  which  soon  after  makes  its  appearance,  rsl 
carefully  remov^ed,  and  placed  in  a  store-room  justat[ 
hand,  ready  for  barrelling  and  the  market. 

As  the  number  of  manufactories  of  this  description  is 
almost  daily  increasing,  it  wou4d  be  useless  to  attemptanj 
estimate  oi  the  quantity  of  salt  they  produce  altogetherl 
Separately  however  each  yields  abouts  40  bushels  a  day,! 


TRAVELLER. 


39 


md  in  1824  the  different  buildings  were  suppposed  to 
imount  to  nearly  forty. 
There  are  two  large  manufactories  here,  where  salt  is 
lade  in  reservoirs  of  an  immense  size,  and  evaporated 
)y  hot  air  passing  through  them  in  large  pipes.    The 
jrocess  is  slow,  but  seems  to  promise  well.    The  reser- 
iroir  of  the  principal  one  contains  no  less  than  40,000 
lHods.    The  pipe  is  supplied  with  heat  by  a  furnace  be- 
Tow,  and  the  salt  is  formed  in  large  loose  masses,  re- 
sembling half-thawed  ice.    The  process  has  the  advan- 
tage of  Jiot  wasting  heat  in  raising  steam.     The  crystali- 
sation  -so  is  different  from  that  produced  by  the  other 
lodes,  at  least  in  secondary  forms. 
The  Village  of  Salina  is  of  considerable  size  and  a 
loaishing  appearance,  considering  the  shortness  of  the 
time  since  it  began  to  be  built,  and  the  serious  obstacles 
[it  has  had  to  encounter  in  the  unhealthiness  of  its  sitna- 
[tion.    The  extensive  marshes  which  bound  it  on  the 
rest  are  extremely  unwholesome  during  the  warmer 
seasons  of  the  year,  and  the  whole  neighbourhood  is 
linore  or  less  infected  with  the  fever  and  ague  :  that  terri- 
[ble  scourge,  which  has  retarded  so  much  the  settlement 
ofmany  parts  of  this  western  country.  Since  the  marshes 
I  have  been  partially  cleared  and  drained,  the  disease  has 
I  been  greatly  diminished ;  and  it  is  hoped  that  time  and 
!  industry  will  reduce  its  ravages  still  further,  if  not  en- 
tirely eradicate  it. 

The  branch  canal  which  runs  through  this  village,  is 
applied  to  other  valuable  purposes  beside  those  of  trans- 
portation. A  sluice  which  draws  off  a  portion  of  the 
water  towards  the  marshes  and  the  lake,  is  made  to  turn 
several  mill  wheels  in  its  course.  A  forcing  pump  raises 
the  water  of  the  salt  spring  destined  to  supply  the  manu- 
factories here  and  at  Syracuse  ;  and  a  large  open  frame 
building  shows  the  spot  from  which  all  the  kettles  and 
the  pans  of  both  those  places  derive  their  supplies :  that 
for  the  latter  being  elevated  to  the  height  of  70  feet,  and 
the  pump  being  able  to  raise  120,000  gallons  in  24  hours. 
The  Salt  Spring  itself  will  be  viewed  as  a  curiosity, 
but  in  its  present  state  presents  no  veiy  remarkable  ap- 
pearance, as  there  is  little  commotion  visible  on  the 
surface,  and  the  source  would  seem  by  no  means  equal 
to  the  great  draughts  which  are  continually  made  upon 


'mmmttk 


....  .iiHto 


■miiaM>>^  I'lfcuiit'iiW*. 


^' /;^ 


"  i 


|s 


/» ' 


*i ;;. 


m 


THE  NORTHERN 

The  Lake  will  be  seen  at  the  distante  of  about  a  mikl 
It  ia  6  miles  lon^  and  two  broad,  and  must  receive  a  con] 
siderable  quantity  of  salt  water  from  the  draining  of  thJ 
marshes,  as  its  banks  are  covered  with  saline  plants] 
The  valley  is  surrounded  by  lime-stone  hills  with  petril 
factioiiSy  and  gypsum  is  found  in  great  quantities. 

"  The  Ameruaii  Salt  formation,^^  says  Dr.  Van  Renssel 
laer  in  hb  '  Essay/  "  extends  over  the  continent  fronJ 
the  Alleganies  to  the  Pacific,  between  3P  and  45  NJ 
Lat.  In  thb  immense  tract,  rock-salt  has  been  occa] 
sionally  found ;  but  it  locality  is  more  generally  point] 
ed  out  by  lime  springs. '  The  salt  springs  in  this  statJ 
m'e  in  the  counties  of  Onondaga,  Cayuga,  Seneca,  On] 
tario,  Niagara,  Genesee,  Tompkins,  Wayne  and  OneidaJ 
but  this  is  the  most  valuable  on  various  accounts.  Durl 
io|[  the  year  ending  Au^.  1823,  606,463  busheb  w^i 
lO^nufactured  here.    In  1^00  there  were  only  42,764. 

4d  gallons  of  water  make  9.  ^\is]^^\  of  salt.  At  N^l 
tucket  350  gallons  of  sea-water  are  re(;[uired.  J 

The  following  approximate  analysis  of  the  water  oj 
this  spring  is  given  by  Dr.  Noyes  of  Hamilton  College] 
40  gallons,  or  355  lbs.  contain  56  lbs.  of  saline  extract! 
Pure  Muriate  of  Soda,  51  lb.  —  oz] 

Carb.  Lime,  coloured  by  oiyde  of  iron,      —         6  1-S 
Sulph.  I/ime,  2         4 

IIAuri^te  liime,  t       12  1- 

and  probably  muriate  m  *gnesia,  and  sulph.  soda. 

F^OM  SYRACUSE  TO  ROCHESTER. 

As  the  traveller  is  supposed  to  go  to  Rochester  by  the! 
Canal,  the  description  of  places  on  the  Turnpike  is  omit-l 
ted  until  we  reach  that  part  of  the  country  on  the  retuni| 
from  Buffalo. 

By  the  Canal j  99  miles :  Weed's  Basin  26  m.— a  cofirhl 
to  Geneva,  8  ra.  for  60  cents.  11m,  Montezuma  Salt 
Works.  Here  begin  the  Cayuga  Marshes,  The  Canal  | 
is  borne  aicross  them  on  a  pier  constructed  at  a  vast  ex- 
expense.  35  m.  Palmyra.  Coach  to  Canandaigua,  1"| 
m.  for  7.5  cents.  15,  The  Great  Embarkment,  72  feet| 
high,  extending  2  m, 

Antiquities.  In  the  towns  of  OnonfJaga,  Camillus] 
and  Pompey,  arc  the  remains  of  ancient  towns  and  fort" 


iHttm 


of  about  A  mi  111 
it  receive  a  conl 
1  draining  of  th( 
li  saline  plants] 
lills  with  petrij 
lantities. 
Dr.  Van  RensseJ 
continent  fror 
31°  and  45   M 
lias  been  occJ 
generally  pojrjj 
gs  in  this  statJ 
ga^  Seneca,  On] 
nja  and  Oneida 
Lccouiits.    DurJ 
3  bushel?  wei 
\  oply  42,754. 
f  salt.    At  Nfml 
red. 

of  the  water  ofl 
milton  College] 
f  saline  extract] 
61  lb.  —  ozj 
—  6  1-2 
Q  4 
t  12  1-2 
)h<  soda. 


(I  J 


:STER. 

)phester  by  the] 
jirnpike  is  omit-f 
on  the  retuiTi 


|6  m.— a  coarli 

)ntezuma  Salt 

The  Canal 

?d  at  a  vast  ex- 

landaigua,  1" 

Iment,  72  feet 


laga,  Camillus| 
kvns  and  fort", 


i 


II 


i 


;i  :  I 


fill 


,i'll* 


•t 


I 


1^ 


ofwhic 

ton's  n 

the  fori 

mains  c 

corners 

500  acr 

this  stat 

and  Ph 

north  Hi 

InCa 

acres  in 

spring  o 

other  is 

large,     i 

picked  u 


Is  one 
this  part 
situated 
upper  fal 
conseque 
passing  u] 
joys  the 
from  the  < 
the  falls. 
Rochesi 
ThefoUoi 
dition  is  c 
Rochesi 
and  the  fii 
the  increa 
part  of  the 
was  made 
period  to  I 
progfressin 
1049Jnhat 
1822,  313< 
works;  th 
mated  at  a 
D2 


JRAVELLER.   , 


41 


!  I 


tf> 


?» 


^    4 

N 


^ 


of  which  a  description  will  be  found  in  Yates  and  Moul- 
toil's  new  history  of  the  state,  vol.  I.  p.  13.  In  Pompey 
the  form  of  a  triangular  enclosure  is  visible,  with  the  re- 
mains of  something  like  circular  or  elliptical  forts  at  the 
corners,  8  miles  apart,  the  whole  including  more  than 
600  acres.  De  Witt  Clinton,  the  present  Governor  of 
this  state,  in  his  memoir,  read  in  1817,  before  the  Lit. 
and  Phil.  Society,  thinks  the  place  was  stormed  on  the 
north  line. 

In  Camillus  is  an  elliptical  fort  on  a  high  hill,  three 
acres  in  extent,  with  a  covered  way,  10  rods  long,  to  a 
spring  on  the  west,  and  a  gate  towards  the  cast.  An- 
other is  on  a  less  elevation  half  a  mile  off,  and  half  as 
large.  Sculls,  pottery,  and  bits  of  brick  used  to  be 
picked  up  in  these  places. 


ROCHESTER, 


•f; 


Is  one  of  the  largest  and  most  flourishing  places  in 
this  part  of  the  state,  and  has  several  good  inns.  It  is 
situated  on  the  west  side  of  the  Genessee  river,  at  the 
upper  falls,  where  it  is  crossed  by  the  canal ;  and  is 
consequently  destined  to  be  the  place  of  receiving  goods 
passing  up  or  down  the  river ;  and  at  the  same  time  en- 
joys the  finest  advantages  for  water-mills  of  all  kinds, 
from  the  convenient  and  abundant  supply  obtained  from 
the  falls. 

Rochester  is  considered  next  in  population  to  Utica, 
The  following  statement  of  its  growth  and  present  con- 
dition is  copie<3i  from  the  Rochester  Telegraph. 

Rochester  was  first  surveyed  into  lots  in  the  year  1811, 
and  the  first  settlement  made  in  1812.  During  the  war^ 
the  increase  was  slow,  and  it  was  not  until  the  latter 
part  of  the  year  1814,  that  any  considerable  addition 
was  made  to  the  number  of  inhabitants.  From  that 
period  to  the  present,  the  increase  has  been  constantly 
progressing.  In  September,  3^15,  llie  village  contained 
1049  inhabitants  ;  in  August,  1820,  1602;  in  September, 
1822,  8130,  (which  included  labourers  on  the  public 
works ;  the  permanet  population  at  that  time  was  esti- 
mated at  about  2700.)  It  now  contains  ^74 ;  of  whicjh 
D2 


V  ■ 

i'i 


jti^- 


r^  ^ 


THE  NORTHERN 


.   i 


1241  are  children  under  10  years  of  a;°:e,  373  between  10 
and  15  years^  and  648  boarders.    The  increase  since 
1822  is  estimated  at  1674.    There  are  in  the  village  12 
physicians,  25  lawyers,  39  merchants,  14  taverns,  5  drug- 
gist stores,  42  groceries,  10  tailors  shops,  14  shoe  shops, 
7  milliner  shops,  2  bookstores,  3  hatter  shops,  5  saddle 
and  harness  makers'  shops,  4  o;oldsmith  shops,  1  military 
shop,  7  bakeries,  4  painters  shops,  6  barber  shops,  1  con- 
fectionaiy,  1  toyshop,  6  tin  and  sheet  iron  shops,  11 
cooper  shops,  3  chair  shops,   2  cabinet  warehouses,  1 
book  bindery,  2  printing-offices,  3  gunsmith  shops,  12 
blacksmith  shops,  1  coach-maker,  3  waggon-makers,  2 
0,  tobbacco  factories,  1  looking-glass  manufactory,  1  burr- 
stone  factory,  1  saddle-tree  and  hamea  factory,  1  comb 
factory,  Imorrocco-dresser's,  4  tanneries,  3  plough  facto- 
ries, 1  fanning-mill  factory,  1  wheelwright,  3  manufac- 
tories of  wooden  pails  and  dishes,  2  stone-cutters,  2 
machine  makers'  shops,  1  manufactory  of  edge  tools,  1 
last  Jfectory,  2  stone  and  earthern  ware  factories,  1  cot- 
ton factory  \yi^h  1400  spindles  and  30  power  looms,  0 
pouring  mills  with  20  run  of  stones,  3  distilleries,  1  oil- 
mill,  2  breweries,  ^  qarding  machines  and  clothiers' 
works,  8  saw-mills,  ^  trip-hammers,  3  furnaces,  2  nail 
factories,  1  paper-mill,  2  asheries,  2  scythe  factories,  1 
i|;>atl|  h^^nse,  8  Rtore  house?,  1  eye  and  ear  infirmary,  1 
l;>ank,  6  nieeting  housos  for  Episcopalians,  Presbyteris^n?, 
Methodists,  Friends,  and  Catholics,  a  court-house,  jail, 
&c. 

.  The  Aquepuct  over  the  Genessee  is  one  of  the  finest 
works  on  the  course  o^  the  canal,  and  is  no  less  remark- 
able for  its  usefulness  than  for  its  architectural  beauty 
and  strength.  It  is  borne  across  the  river's  channel,  on 
ten  arches  of  hewn  stone.  The  river  dashes  rapidly 
along  beneath,  while  boats,  with  goods  and  passengers, 
glide  safely  by  above. 

A  feeder  enters  the  qanal  on  the  east  side  of  the  riveir, 
where  a  sluice  is  also  constructed  for  the  supply  of  the 
numeirous  manufactories  built  and  building  on  the  bank. 
Another  sluice  is  also  dug  on  the  west  side,  where  many 
other  mills  are  also  to  be  seep.  The  Basin  is  large  and 
convenient;  and  the  appearaiice  of  business  which  ia 
observed  about  it,  sufficiently  shows  the  importance  the 
plac«  has  already  acqnired.     ".Che  streets  of  the  to\vn 


■  — ^  -^  ■  '^trevvvr  ^\ijJjjijs-*r. 


THAVCLLER. 


4iJ 


between  10 


•are  handsomely  and  regularly  laid  out,  and  several  ot' 
(hem  ai-e  veiy  well  built  with  store  and  dwelling-houses 
of  brick  and  stone,  and  well  flagged  on  the  side-walks. 
Two  fine  qhurches  are  just  completing  on  a  small  public 
square  near  the  court-house,  which  is  itself  a  neat  build- 
ing of  hewn  stone.  One  of  the  churches  belongs  to  tlie 
Presbyterians,  ^nd  the  other  to  the  Episcopalians;  and 
the  style  and  size  of  botli  show  the  rapidity  of  the  in- 
crease of  inhabitants  while  they  reflect  much  credit  on 
the  good  habits  of  the  people. 

There  are  two  falls  in  the  river  at  Rochester :  one 
just  above  the  aqueduct,  and  the  other,  about  90  feet, 
iialf  a  mile  below.  There  is  also  a  third  about  two  miles 
down,  at  Carthage,  which,  with  the  truly  impressive 
scenery  of  the  river  banks,  is  well  worthy  of  attention. 
To  vary  the  ride,  I  would  recommend  to  the  visitor  to 
go  down  on  one  side  of  the  river,  cross  the  bridge  at 
Carthage  and  return  on  the  other. 

Carthage.  The  fall  here  is  veiy  sudden,  though  not 
in  a  single  precipice.  The  descent  is  70  feet  in  a  few 
yards.  The  cataract  has  evidently  been  retiring  for 
ages,  as  the  deep  gulf  bqlow  the  falls,  with  its  Ui^h,  per- 
pendiculiir  and  ragged  banks,  i^  sufBcient  testimony ; 
and  the  seclusion  of  the  place,  the  solemn  and  sublime 
effect  of  the  scenery,  redoublec(  by  the  roaring  of  the 
cataract^  copabine  to  render  it  one  of  the  most  impres- 
sive scenes  m  this  part  of  the  country.  The  breadth 
allowed  for  the  river  is  barely  sufficient  for  its  passage, 
being  marked  out  by  tlie  tremendous  precipices  above, 
and  frequently  much  encroached  upon  by  the  heaps 
of  stones  which  crumbled  away  from  their  sides.  The 
precipices  are  perfect  walls  of  secondary  rocks  pre- 
senting their  natural  stratification,  from  the  level  o£\the 
surroynding  country,  to  be  a  depth  of  about  two  hundred 
feet.  Their  brows  are  overhung  with  thick  forest  trees, 
which  in  some  places  have  been  able  to  find  a  narrow 
footing  along  the  sid^s. 

One  of  the  boldest  single  fa,brics  that  art  has  ever  suc- 
cessfully attempted  in  this  country,  now  shows  a  few 
of  its  remains  in  this  place.  The  two  great  piles  of  tim- 
ber which  stand  opposite  each  other  on  the  narrow  level 
where  once  the  river  flowedf  are  the  abutments  of  a 
bridge  thrown  over  a  few  vears  ago.    It  was  300  feet  in 


I'i 


h\ 


4i 


THE  NORTHERN 


1^   ' 


length,  and  250  above  the  the  water ;  but  stood  only  a 
short  time,  and  tv  '>n  fell  with  a  tremendous  crash,  bv 
its  own  weight.  ^  rtunately  no  person  was  crossing  it 
at  the  time — a  lad;;  nd  gentleman  had  just  before  pass- 
ed, and  safely  reached  the  other  side. 

On  account  of  the  obstructions  at  the  Falls,  navigation 
is  entirely  interrupted  here  ;  and  all  the  communication 
between  the  banks  of  the  Genesee,  as  well  as  the  Canal, 
and  Lake  Ontario  is  through  Carthage.  Merchandize  is 
raised  up  the  bank,  or  lowered  down,  by  means  of  an 
inclined  plane,  vei^  steep,  where  the  descending  weight 
is  made  to  raise  a  lighter  one  by  its  superior  gravity. 


ROAD  FROM  ROCHESTER  TO  NIAGARA  Falls,  Bl 

miles. 


To  Carthage  Falls    -    -    2 
Parma    -    -    -    -        9 
Clarkson    -    -    -        7 
Hartland    •    -     -      14 
(hence  a  waggon  takes  pass- 
engers to  Lockport,  7  m.) 


Sandy  Creek 
Gaines    -    • 
Oak  orchard 
Cambria    -    • 
Lewiston    - 
Niagara  Falls 


7 

8 

7 

11 

15 
7 


J 


The  principal  objects  on  this  road  are,  the  Ridge, 
Lewiston  on  Niagara  River  and  the  Tuscarora  village. 
Niagara  Village  will  be  seen  if  you  do  not  cross  into 
Canada  at  Lewiston  :  and  Queenston  if  you  do.-  Lock- 
port  may  also  be  seen  by  leaving  the  stage  road  at  Halt- 
land  64  miles  from  Rochester,  where  a  waggon  awaits 
the  arrival  of  the  coach,  to  take  travellers  to  Lockport, 
7  miles.  It  will  be  proper  however  to  pay  your  pass- 
age only  to  this  place,  if  you  determine  to  stop  here. 
The  stage  coach  stops  at  Lewiston  for  the  night. 

Instead  of  going  by  land  from  Rochester,  it  may  be 
more  convenient  to  take  passage  in  the  canal-boat  to 
Lockport ;  and  thence  go  to  Haxtland  to  meet  the  stage 
coach. 

The  Ridge  is  a  remarkable  elevation,  of  little  height, 
and  for  the  most  part,  very  narrow,  extending  a  great 
part  of  the  distance  from  Rochester  to  Lewiston.  It 
IS  often  perfectly  level  for  several  miles,  and  affords  an 
admirable  foundation  for  a  road,  and  the  stage  road  has 
in  consequence  been  laid  dong  its  top.    The  meoiner  in 


rKAVELLKK. 


49 


Kvhich  this  singular  elevation  could  have  been  made,  ha.<) 
excited  the  speculations  of  many  curious  observers  of 
Mature,  and  been  explained  in  different  ways.  Some  have 
imagined  that  the  tiidge  was  at  some  long  past  period 
the  shore  of  Lake  Ontario,  and  was  thrown  up  by  its 
Avaves.    The  country  between  it  and  the  lake  is  so  level 
OS  to  render  it  very  probable  that  the  water  has  once 
Overflowed  it ;  but  it  is  extremely  difficult  to  understand 
Jhow  the  waves  could  have  managed  to  barricade  them- 
selves out  of  a  tract  of  country.   It  therefore  seems  moro 
[rational  to  adopt  another  theory :  that  the  lake  was  for- 
merly still  more  extensive  than  is  here  supposed,  and 
overflowed  the  land  some  distance  southward  of  this 
place,  when  a  current  might  easily  have  produced  a 
bar  parallel  to  the  shore,  which  when  left  dry  might  p|re» 
|sent  the  form  of  the  Ridge. 

The  progress  of  improvement  along  this  part  of  the 
Iroad,  is  very  rapid  and  flattering.    The  ground  pre- 
sents a  slope  on  each  side  of  the  path,  peculiarly  well 
adapted  for  home  lots,  gardens  and  orchai'ds ;  and  the 
[frequency  and  facility  of  transportation  gives  the  in- 
habitants very  manifest  advantages.     Some  well  built 
J  and  even  very  handsome  houses  will  be  observed,  which 
are  still  few  indeed,  but  show  that  a  good  style  has  actual- 
|ly  been  introduced. 

The  TuscARORA  Reservation  is  an  oblong  tract  of  land 
I  reaching  within  a  mile  of  Lewiston.  This  nation  of 
Indians  are  particularly  worthy  the  notice  of  the  travel- 
ler, on  account  of  the  advances  thevhave  made  in  the 
arts,  and  habits  of  civilized  life.  They  emigrated  from 
North  Carolina  near  the  beginning  of  the  last  centuary, 
at  an  invitation  from  the  Five  Nations,  and  were  admitted 
on  equal  terms  into  their  confederacy,  which  has  since 
received  the  name  of  the  Six  Nations.  They  have  had  a 
clergyman  settled  among  them  for  many  years,  and 
Christianity  has  been  voluntarily  adopted  by  them. 
Their  village  has  a  flourishing  appearance,  with  some 
handsome  and  well  cultivated  farms,  and  a  house  for 
]iul)lic  worship.  •  Strangers  may  here  obtain  mocassins 
and  other  articles  of  Indian  manufacture.  There  is  a 
stage  coach  which  runs  daily  from  licwifton  to  Buffalo, 
on  each  sifle  of  the  river 


;  r 


46 


THE  NORTHERN 


There  is  a  ferry  at  Lewiston,  which  is  about  half  a 
mile  across ;  but  the  current  is  strong  on  this  side,  and 
the  eddy  sets  up  with  such  force  on  the  other,  that  a 
boat  moves  more  than  double  that  distance  in  going  over! 
The  passage  is  not  dangerous,  ulthough  the  water  iil 
much  agitated  by  counter  currents  and  changing  whirlJ 
pools ;  for  the  ferrymen  are  taught  by  their  experiencel 
to  manage  the  boat  with  care,  and  not  only  to  take  adl 
vantage  of  the  currents,  but  to  avoid  all  the  rough  places, 
ripples  and  whirlpools.    The  banks  here  have  an  ap.1 
pearance  very  wild  and  striking ;  and  the  stranger  iiii.l 
mediately  notices  the  remains  of  former  levels  nigh  upl 
the  sides  of  the  rocks,  which  prove,  however  incredible  ill 
may  at  first  appear,  that  the  river  once  poured  along  atl 
the  height  of  about  two  hundred  feet  aoove  its  preseoti 
surface.    Niagara  is  about  seven  miles  further  up  the 
fitream ;  so  that  the  stranger  will  strain  his  eyes  in  vain 
to  discover  from  this  place  that  great  object  of  bis  wishesJ 


i : 


M    i- 


HINTS  TO  THE  TRAVELLER  AT  LEWISTON. 

It  will  be  the  intention  of  many  strangers  who  arriv^ 
at  this  place,  to  devote  several  days  to  viewing  the  Fall 
of  Niagara,  the  battle  grounds  in  the  vicinity,  and  perj 
haps  in  making  short  excursions  in  different  directions] 
To  those  who  have  leisure,  such  a  course  may  well  be  re 
commended ;  and  it  may  be  almost  a  matter  of  indiffer^ 
ence  whether  they  first  visit  the  American  or  the  Britis 
side.    The  public  accommodations  are  excellent  at  hot 
places,  ana  the  river  may  be  safely  crossed  at  any  houi| 
of  the  day,  by  a  ferry,  at  the  expence  of  about  half  i 
dollar,  including  the  transportation  of  luggage  down 
and  up  the  steep  banks.     A  stair  case  is  erected  nee 
the  Falls,  on  the  British  as  well  as  the  American  side] 
to  furnish  a  convenient  mode  of  descending  to  the  fooi| 
of  the  cataract,  where  the  charge  is  26  cents  for  eacii 
person.     During  the  pleasant  seasons  of  the  year  hot' 
places  are  the  resort  of  great  throngs  of  visitors.     Stage 
coaches  also  pass  up  and  down  on  both  sides  eveiy  day 
at  equal  rates. 

To  such  however  as  have  but  a  short  time  to  spend  i|i 
this  neighbourhood,  it  may  be  strongly  recommended  to 


ixi 


THAVELLKlt. 


49 


is  about  half  a 
I  this  side,  and 
le  other,  that  a| 
e  in  going  over 
h  the  water  iil 
changing  whirl- 
leir  experience 
)nly  to  take  ad| 
le  rough  places, 
e  have  an  ap-j 
le  stranger  in- 

levels  high  upl 
ver  incredible  iti 
lOured  along  at| 
>ove  Its  present 

further  up  the 
lb  eyes  in  vain 
ctofhiswisheii 


LEWISTON. 

^ers  who  arrivQ 
swing  the  Fall 
inity,  and  per] 
rent  directions! 
may  well  be  I 
tter  of  indiffer^ 
1  or  the  Britis 
;cellent  at  bet 
ed  at  any  hou^ 
of  about  half  I 
luggage  down 
(  erected  net 
American  sideJ 
ing  to  the  foo^ 
cents  foreacli 
the  year  bot 
isitors.     Stage 
des  eveiryday 

me  to  spend  i|] 
iiommended  to 


cross  tiic  river  hero  and  proceed  directly  to  the  British 
fulls.  The  cataract  on  that  side  is  higher,  broader,  more 
unbroken,  and  universally  acknowled{];<Ml  by  far  the  no- 
blest part  of  the  scene.  The  visitor  may  indeed  see  it  from 
the  American  side,  but  the  view  from  Table  Rorkh  the 
noblest  of  all,  and  ought  by  no  means  to  be  neglected. 
The  finer  t  view  from  tne  level  of  the  water  below  is  also 
afforded  on  the  west  side. 


THE  FALLS  OF  mKGPiRk— from  the  American  side. 

The  Inn  or  Hotel  is  a  large  building,  and  very  well 
kept  and  commodious. 

The  height  of  the  fall  on  this  side  is  160  feet  perpendi- 
cular, but  somewhat  broken  in  several  places  by  the 
projecting  rocks.  It  extends  300  yards  to  a  rock  which 
mterrupts  it  on  the  brow  of  the  precipice.  A  narrow 
sheet  appears  beyond  it,  and  then  comes  Goat  Island, 
with  a  mural  precipice.  BetM^een  this  and  the  other 
shore  is  the  Grand  Crescent,  for  which  see  a  few  pages 
beyond.  There  is  a  bridge  to  the  island,  which  com- 
mands many  fine  views  of  ttie  falls. 

QuEENSTON,  on  the  Canada  side  of  the  river,  is  a  small 
town,  uninteresting  except  so  far  as  regards  its  natural 
situation,  and  some  martial  events  of  which  it  has 
been  the  theatre. 


THE  BATTLE  OF  QUEENSTON. 

During  the  last  war  between  the  United  States  and 
Great  Britain,  in  1812,  while  Col.  Van  Rensselaer  was 
stationed  at  Lewiston,  he  formed  the  bold  design  of 
taking  Queenston ;  and  in  spite  of  the  difficulty  of  as- 
cending the  steep  banks,  and  the  fortifications  which 
had  been  thrown  up  for  its  defence,  before  day  light  in 
the  morning  of  October  12th,  he  embarked  his  troops  at 
the  ferry  and  passed  silently  over  the  river.  As  the  ac- 
cessible points  on  the  coast  were  strictly  watched,  and 
defended  by  batteries  of  some  strength,  the  place  select- 
ed for  the  attack  was  the  lofty  and  precipitous  bank  just 
above.    Two  or  three  small  batteries  had  been  erected 


ii 


m.^^i 


48 


THE  NORTHERN 


«-  ) 


on  the  the  brow,  the  remains  of  which  are  still  visible;! 
but  this  did  not  discourage  the  undertaking.  The  land- 
ing was  effected,  and  in  spite  of  the  difficulty  of  the  as- 1 
sent  tb<'.  heights  were  surmounted,  and  the  Americans 
commenced  a  brisk  action  on  the  summit.  Gen.  Brock, 
who  was  at  a  distance,  hearing  the  guns  hastened  to  the 
spot ;  but  under  a  tree  near  the  precipice  was  killed  by 
a  chance  shot.  The  Americans  remained  in  possession! 
of  the  heights  a  few  hours,  but  were  then  obliged  to| 
re-cross  the  river. 


■f  i 


^il  I' 


THE  MONUMENT  TO  GENERAL  BROCK, 

Was  raised  by  the  British  government  in  the  yearl 
1824.    Its  height  is  about   116  feet ;  and  the  view  from 
the  top  is  very  fine  and  extensive,    the    base  being! 
350  feet  above  the  river.    In  clear  weather  the  eye  em- 
braces not  only  the  river  below,  and  the  towns  of  Lewis- 
ton  and  Queenston,  but  that  of  Newark  and  fort  Niaga- 
ra, at  the  entrance  of  Lake  Ontario,  a  vast  level  tract  ofl 
country  covered  with  a  uniiorm  forest,  and  the  horizon] 
formed  by  the  disti.  t  lake  itself. 

The  monument  is  built  of  a  coarse  grey  lime  stone,  ofl 
which  the  hill  is  formed,  and  contains  some  shells  and 
other  organic  remains.  The  old  park  for  artillery  and  thel 
marks  of  various  works,  will  be  observed  in  different! 
parts  of  the  heights. 

From  ^ueenstfm  to  Niagara  Falh  is  7  miles,  overii] 
level,  sandy  road. 

The^Seat  of  Sir  Peregrine  Maitland  is  a  handsome  I 
edifice  near  the  road.  It  was  once  the  residence  of  the! 
Duke  of  Richmond. 

The  Whirpool  cannot  be  seen  without  leaving  thel 
road  and  going  to  the  bank.  A  leisurely  walk  the  whole) 
distanciSI^  near  the  river,  may  please  the  admirer  of  iia* 
ture ;  ss  the  high  and  rocky  cliffs  which  forms  the  banksl 
on  both  sides  present  a  continued  succession  of  striking! 
scenes. 

Although  the  surface  of  the  ground  frequently  indi«| 
cates  the  passage  of  water  in  some  long  past  period,  thel 
whole  road  is  much  elevated  above  the  river,  and  owind 
to  this  circumstance  the  traveller  is  often  disappointed! 


ire  still  visible;! 
ing.  The  land- 
icultyof  the  as- 1 
the  Americans 
t.  Gen.  Brock, 
hastened  to  the 
e  Was  killed  by 
ed  in  possession] 
then  obliged  to 


lL  brock, 

^nt  in  the  yearl 
d  the  view  from  I 
the  base  being! 
her  the  eye  em-l 
towns  of  Lcwis-I 
c  and  fort  Niaga- 
ist  level  tract  ofl 
and  the  horizon 

>y  lime  stone,  ofl 
(ome  shells  andl 
artillery  and  the 
ved  in  different 

7  miles,  overs 

D  is  a  handsome 
esideiTce  of  the 

out  leaving  the 
walk  the  whole! 
admirer  of  iia- 
forms  the  banksl 
»ionof  striking 

rcquently  indi'l 
past  period,  the! 
iver,  and  cwingl 
;n  disappointed 


1. 


at  not  ^ 
it  reman 
ed  very 
oi'  file  c{ 
for  the  i 
in  that  c 
times  bei 
it  may  a 
time  it 
Lake  On 
There 
side  of  th 
be  desire 
ought  fiti 
vation  ar 
This  is  tl 
the  rear  c 
I  not  an  ei 
i  for  seven 
modious, 
[ent  point 

[the  FA 

Follow 
[Forsyth's, 
I  brow  of  tl 
[gara  sudd 
I  to  the  left 
[and  anoth 

iresents  8 
The  su 
[the  falls, 
[the  rapid; 
Jseems  av 
loverflown 

le  direct 

muld  be 
>vhere,  th( 

)i^ce  lay. 
Table  ] 
[cataract, } 
jcent  scen( 
E 


TRAVELLER. 


49 


at  not  getting  a  sight  of  the  cataract  from  a  distance,  as 
it  remains  concealed  by  the  banks,  until  he  has  approach- 
ed  very  near.  It  frequently  happens  also,  that  tne  roar 
of  the  cataract  is  not  perceived  before  reaching  the  inn, 
for  the  intervening  bank  intercepts  the  sound  so  much 
in  that  direction,  that  the  noise  oi  the  wheels  has  some* 
times  been  sufficient  to  drown  it  entirely.  Yet,  strange  as 
it  may  appear,  the  inhabitants  declare,  that  at  the  rame 
time  it  may  very  probably  be  heard  on  the  shore  of 
Lake  Ontario- 

There  are  two  large  Inns  or  Hotixs  on  the  Canadian 
side  of  the  river,  botn  situated  as  near  the  falls  as  could 
be  desired.  That  kept  by  Mr.  For83rth  stands  on  what 
ought  strictly  to  be  called  the  upper  banky  for  that  ele- 
vation appears  to  have  once  formed  the  river's  shore. 
This  is  the  larger  house ;  the  galleries  and  windows  in 
the  rear  command  a  fine  view  of  the  cataract,  although 
I  not  an  entire  one,  and  overlook  the  rapids  and  river 
for  several  miles  above.  The  other  house^  is  -ad^o  com- 
modious, and  commands  the  same  scene  firom  n  diflerw 
ent  point  of  view. 


# 


|THE  FALLS  OF  NIAGARA--/rom  ike  British  side. 

Following  a  foot-path  through  the  pasture  behind 
[Forsyth's,  the  stranger  soon  finds  himself  on  the  steep 
brow  of  the  second  Imiik,  and  the  mighty  cataract  of  Nia- 
gara suddenly  opens  beneath  him.    A  path  leads  away 
I  to  the  left,  down  the  bank,  to  the  verge  of  the  cataract ; 
[and  another  to  the  right,  which  offers  a  drier  walk,  and 
iresents  a  more  agreeable  and  varied  scene. 

The  surface  of  the  rocks  is  so  perfectly  flat    near 

I  the  falls,  and  the  water  descends  so  considerably  over 

[the  rapids  just  before  it  reaches  the  precipice  that  it 

[seems  a  wonder  that  the  place  where  you  stand  is  not 

(overflown.    Probably  the  water  is  restrained  only  by 

le  direction  of  the  current,  as  a  little  lateral  pressure 

^ould  be  sufficient  to  flood  the  elevated  level  beside  it, 

where,  there  can  be  no  question,  the  course  of  the  river 

)r^e  lay. 

Table  Rock  is  a  projection  a  few  yards  from  the 
[cataract,  which  commands  a  fine  view  of  this  raagni- 
[cent  scene.    Indeed  it  is  usually  considered  the  finest 
E 


do 


THE  NORTHERN 


;   ( 


I 


V 


♦ 


point  of  view.    The  heieht  of  the  fall  on  this  side  is  174 
feet  perpendicular ;  and  this  height  the  vast  sheet  of 
foam  preserves  unbroken,  quite  round  the  Grand  Cres< 
cent,  a  distance  it  is  estimated  of  700  yards.    Goat  Is* 
land  divides  the  cataract,  and  just  beyond  it  stands  anl 
isolated  rock.    The  fall  on  the  American  side  is  neitherl 
so  high,   so  wide,  nor  so  unbroken,  yet,  if  comparedl 
with  any  thing  else  but  the  Crescent,  would  be  regardedl 
with  emotions  of  indescribable  sublimity.    The  breadthl 
is  900  feet,  the  height  160,  and  about  two  thirds  Uie  dis>l 
tance  to  the  bottom  the  sheet  is  broken  by  projecting 
rocks.    A  bridge  built  from  the  American  side  connectsl 
Goat  Island  and  the  main  land,  though  invisible  froml 
this  spot;  and  the  inn  on  the  same  side,  in  Niagara,  uf 
seen  a  little  way  from  the  river. 

It  may  be  recommended  to  the  traveller  to  visit  thuj 
place  as  often  as  he  can,  and  to  view  it  from  ever, 
neighbouring  point ;  as  every  change  of  light  exhibits  (tl 
under  a  different  and  interesting  aspect.  The  rainbow^ 
are  to  be  seen  from  this  side  only  in  the  afternoon  ;  bu 
at  that  time  the  clouds  of  mist,  which  are  continually 
rising  from  the  gulf  below,  often  present  them  in  the  ut] 
most  beauty. 

Dr.  Dwight  gives  the  following  estimates,  in  his  Tr 
vels,  of  the  quantity  of  water  which  passes  the  catarac 
of  Niagara*  The  river  at  the  ferry  is  7  furlongs  wide 
and  on  an  average  of  feet  deep.  The  current  probably 
run  6  miles  an  hour;  but  supposing  it  to  be  only 
miles,  the  quantity  that  passes  the  falls  in  an  hournj 
more  than  85  millions  of  tons  Avoirdupois ;  if  we  sup 
pose  it  to  be  6,  it  will  be  more  than  102  millions ;  and 
in  a  day  would  be  2400  millions  of  tons.  The  noise  u{ 
sometimes  heard  at  York,  50  miles. 

THE  RAPIDS 

• 

begin  about  half  a  mile  above  the  cataract ;  and,  alj 
though  the  breadth  of  the  river  might  at  first  maW 
them  appear  of  little  importance,  a  nearer  inspection 
will  convince  the  stranger  of  their  actual  size,  and  m 
terrific  danger  of  the  passage.  The  inhabitants  of  the| 
neighbourhood  regard  it  as  certain  death  to  get  once  in^ 
volved  in  them;  and  that  not  merely  because  all  escap 


I    ' 


TRAVELLER. 


61 


from  the  cataract  would  be  hopeless,  but  because  the 
violent  force  of  the  water  amon»  the  rocks  in  the  chan- 
nel, would  instantly  dash  the  bones  of  a  man  in  pieces. 
Instances  are  on  record  of  persons  being  carried  down  by 
the  stream ;  indeed  there  was  an  instance  of  two  men 
{carried  over  last  year ;  but  no  one  is  known  to  have 
lever  survived.  Indeed  it  is  very  rarft  that  the  bodies 
[are  found ;  as  the  depth  of  the  g^U  below  the  cataract, 
[and  the  tumultuous  agpitation  of  the  eddies,  whirlpools, 

id  counter  currents,  render  it  difficult  for  any  thing 
[once  sunk  to  rise  ag^ain ;  while  the  general  course  of  the 
[iHrater  is  so  rapid,  that  it  is  soon  hurried  far  dowii 
the  stream.    The  large  logs  which  are  brought  down  in 

reat  numbers  during  the  spring,  bear  sufficient  testimo- 
ly  to  these  remarks.  Wi^u  ducks,  geese,  &c.  are  fre- 
quently precipitated  over  the  cataract,  and  generally 
reappear  either  dead  or  with  their  legs  or  wings  broken, 
^ome  say  that  water  fowl  avoid  the  place  when  able  to 
ipe,  but  that  the  ice  on  the  shores  of  the  river  above 
)ften  prevents  them  from  obtaining  food,  and  that  they 
ire  carried  down  from  mere  inability  to  fly;  while 
)thers  assert  that  they  are  sometimes  seen  voluntarily 
riding  among  the  rapids,  and  after  descending  halfway 
'  )wn  the  cataract,  taking  wing,  and  returniiig^  to  repeat 
^heir  dangerous  amusement. 
The  most  sublime  scene  is  presented  to  tihe  observer 

rhen  he  views  the  cataract  from  below ;  and  there  he 

lay  have  an  opportunity  of  going  under  the  cataract.  This 
icene  is  represented  in  the  frontispiece.  To  render 
*ie  descent  practicable,  a  spiral  staircase  has  been  form- 
ed a  little  way  from  Table  Rock,  supported  by  a  tall 

last,  and  the  stranger  descends  with  security,  because 
lis  view  is  confined.     On  reaching  the  bottom,  a  rough 

ith  among  the  rocks  winds  along  at  the  foot  of  the 
precipice,  although  the  heaps  of  loose  stones  which  have 

lUen  down,  raise  it  to  a  considerable   height  above  the 

^ater.  A  large  rock  lies  on  the  very  brink  of  the  river, 
ibout  15  feet  long  and  8  feet  thick,  which  you  may  climb 
ip  by  means  of  a  ladder,  and  enjoy  the  best  central  view 
>f  the  falls  any  where  to  be  found.     This  rock  was  for* 

lerly  a  part  of  the  projection  above,  and  fell  about  ?ix 


t 


u 


,' 


I 


\\ 


' 


*•< 


52 


THE  NORTHERN 


i    I 


years  ago,  with  a  tremendous  roar.  It  had  been  observed 
by  Mr.  Forsyth  to  be  in  a  very  precarious  situation,  the 
day  before,  aiod  he  had  warned  the  strangers  at  his  house 
not  to  venture  near  it.  A  lady  and  gentleman,  however, 
had  been  so  bold  as  to  take  their  stand  upon  it  near  I 
evening,  to  view  the  cataract ;  and  in  the  night  they 
heard  the  noise  of  its  fall,  which  shook  the  house  like  aa| 
earthquake. 

In  proceeding  nearer  to  the  sheet  of  falling  water,  the  I 
path  leads  far  under  the  excavated  bank,  which  in  oQel 
place  forms  a  roof  that  overhangs  about  40  feet.     Tbe| 
vast  column  of  water  continually  pouring  over  the  pre-i 
cipice,  produces  violent  whirls  in  the  air ;  and  the  sprajl 
is  driven  out  with  such  force,  that  no  one  can  approachj 
to  the  edge  of  the  cataract,  or  even  stand  a  few  moment 
near  it,  without  being  drenched  to  the  skin.    It  is 
very  difficult  to  breathe  there,  so  that  persons  with  was 
lungs  would  act  prudently  to  content  themselves  with  i 
distant  view,  and  by  no  means  to  attempt  to  go  unde 
tlie  cataract.    Those  who  are  desirous  of  exploring 
tremendous  cavern,  should  attend  very  carefully  to  thei 
steps,  and  not  allow  themselves  to  be  agitated  by  the  sigb 
or  the  sound  of  the  cataract,  or  to  be  blinded  by 
strong  driving  showers  in  which  they  will  be  continualljl 
involved ;  as  a  few  steps  would  plunge  them  into  tb^ 
terrible  abyss  which  receives  the  falling  river. 


'\ 


THE  BURNING  SPRING. 

About  half  a  mile  above  the  falls,  and  within  a  fei 
feet  of  the  rapids  in  Niagara  river,  is  a  remarkable  Bunij 
ing  Spring.  A  house  hao  been  erected  over  it,  inti 
which  admission  is  obtained  for  a  shilling.  The  waterl 
which  is  warm  turbid,  and  surcharged  with  sulphurat 
hydrogen  gas,  rises  in  a  barrel  which  has  been  placed 
the  ground,  and  is  constantly  in  a  state  of  ebullition 
The  barrel  is  covered,  and  the  gas  escapes  only  througij 
a  copper  tube.  On  bringing  a  candle  within  a  little 
tance  of  it,  the  gas  takes  fire,  and  continues  to  bum  wit 
a  bright  flame  until  blown  out.    By  leaving  the  houj 


TRAVELLER. 


6^ 


closed  and  the  fire  cxtino^ished,  the  whole  atmosphere 
within  explodes  on  entering  with  a  candle. 

While  on  the  Canada  side  of  the  falls,  the  visitor  may 
vary  his  time  very  agreeably,  by  visiting  the  village  of 
Chippewa  and  Lundy^s  lane,  in  this  vicinity,  which  du- 
ring the  late  war  with  Great  Britain,  were  the  scenes  of 
two  sharp  contests. 

THE  BATTLE  OF  CHIPPEWA. 


In  July  1814,  the  British  and  American  armies  bein_ 
near  each  other.  Gen.  Ripley  ordered  Gen.  Scott  to  make 
an  advance  on  Chippewa,  on  the  3d  of  July,  with  Capt. 
Tonson's  division  of  artillery,  and  the  enemy^s  pickets 
were  soon  forced  to  retire  across  the  bridge.  Gen.  Rip- 
ley came  up  in  the  afternoon  and  encamped  with  Gen. 
Scott's  advance. 

The  stranger  may  be  gratified  by  examining  the  field 
of  these  operations,  by  going  to  Chippewa  village, 
about  two  miles  above  Forsyth's.  The  American  en- 
campmentof  July  23rd,  is  in  the  rear  of  a  tavern  near  the 
road,  about  a  mile  beyond  Chippewa.  The  following 
description  of  the  battle  is  from  an  account  already  pub- 
lished. 

^^On  the  morning  of  the  4th,  the  British  Indians  had 
filled  the  woods  contiguous  to  the  American  encampment, 
and  commenced  firing  at  the  pickets.  Reconnoitering 
parties  from  Chippewa  were  frequently  observed  during 
the  day  along  the  river  road ;  and  information  was  re- 
ceived that  reinforcements  had  arrived. 

**  On  the  5th,  the  same  course  was  pursued.  The  In- 
dians were  discovered  almost  in  the  rear^of  the  Ameri- 
can camp.  At  this  moment  Gen.  Porter  arrived  with 
his  volunteers  and  Indians .  General  Brown  immediately 
directedthem  toenter  the  woods  and  effectually  scour  them. 
Gens.  Brown,  Scott  and  Ripley,  were  at  the  white  house, 
in  advance  reconnoitering.  Gen.  Porter's  corps  seemed 
sweeping  like  a  torrent  every  thing  before  them,  until 
they  almost  debouched  from  the  woods  opposite  Chippe- 
wa. In  a  moment  a  volley  of  musquetry  convinced  Gen. 
'  Brown  that  the  whole  British  force  had  crossed  the  Chip. 
E3 


f 


H 


V' 


Hi 


I  frl  f 


f 


•f  i 


54 


THE  NORTHERIS 


*4 


(  ' 


i  '■{ 


pewa  bridge,  and  that  the  action  must  become  g^eneral, 
He  gave  immediate  orders  to  Gen.  Scott  to  advance,  and 
to  Gen  Ripley  to  be  in  readiness  to  support.  In  a  few 
minutes  the  British  line  was  discovered  formed  and 
rapidly  advancing — their  right  (the  Royal  Scots)  upon 
the  woods,  and  their  left  (the  prince  regent's)  on  the 
river,  with  the  king's  own  for  their  reserve.  Their  ob- 
ject was  to  gain  the  bridge  across  the  creek  in  front  of  I 
thie  encampment,  which  if  done,  would  have  compelled 
the  Americans  to  retire.  Gen.  Brown  fearing  a  flank 
movement  of  the  enemy  thi-ough  the  woods  on  the  left,  I 
with  a  view  to  seize  the  American  reserve  of  Artillery, 
directed  Gen.  Ripley  not  to  advance  until  he  gave  him 
rders.  At  the  same  time  he  rode  to  the  first  line  with 
L'*) -itaff  and  an  escort  of  30  dragoons,  in  order  to  di« 
reel  the  whole  movements  of  the  field,  and  animate  the| 
troops  by  his  presence.  Meanwhile  General  Scott,  un- 
der a  most  tremendous  fire  from  the  enemy's  artillery,! 
crossed  the  bridge  which  the  enemy  had  endeavoured  to 
gain,  and  formed  his  line.  The  Brit::H  orders  were  to 
give  one  volley  at  a  distance,  and  imii^ediately  charge. 
But  such  was  the  warmth  of  our  musqiietry  that  they 
could  not  withstand  it.  At  this  moment  General  BrowQ 
sent  orders  to  Geu..  Ripley  to  make  a  movtment  through 
the  woods  upon  the  enemy's  right  flank.  With  the  21st 
regiment  he  passed  a  ravine  in  his  front,  where  the  men| 
had  to  wade  up  to  their  chins,  and  advanced  as  rapidly  as 
possible.  But  before  he  commenced  filing  from  the 
woods  into  the  open  land  under  the  enemy's  batteries, 
they  had  been  completely  broken  by  the  cool  bravery  aud| 
discipline  of  Gen.  Scott's  brigade,  and  precipitated  them- 
selves  across  the  Chippewa  bridge,  which  they  broke  | 
down  on  their  retreat." 

Although  the  Americans  were  not  able  to  cross  the  I 
Creek,  the  British  thought  proper  to  evacuate  Chippe- 
wa very  precipitately,  and  to  retreat  towards  Queens- 
ton. 

In  this  affair  the  British  loss,  in  killed,  wounded  and  | 
missing,  was  514,  and  the  American  loss  328. 

Nothing  of  importance  occurred  after  this  until  the| 
25th  of  the  same  month,  the  date  of 


;  i 


# 


TRAVKLLEH.  o5 

THE  BATTLE  OF  BRIDGEWATER,  OR 
LUNDY'S  LANE. 

The  principal  scene  of  this  hard-fought  and  bloody 
luction,  is  about  a  mile  from  the  Falls  of  Niagara,  at  an  ob- 
Ucure  road,  called  Lundy's  Lane.  Since  their  retreat 
Ifrom  Chippewa,  the  enemy  had  received  reinforcements 
lof  troops  from  Lord  Wellington's  army  in  Spain ;  and  on 
Ithe  25th  of  July  encamped  on  a  Hill,  with  the  design  of 
[attacking  the  American  camp  the  next  morning.  At  6 
hn  the  evening  Gen.  Brown  ordered  Gen.  Scott  to  ad- 
Ivance  and  attack  them,  which  was  immediately  done  ; 
nd  in  conjunction  with  Gen.  Ripley  the  attack  was  com- 
lenced  in  an  hour.  The  British  was  much  surprised  at 
seeing  the  approach  of  their  enemy  at  this  hour,  not  ha- 
ang  discovered  them  until  they  left  the  wor  "3  and  began 
to  march  across  the  open,  level  fields  seen  ii  »m  '^orsyth's 
Tlotel,  and  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  to  t^e  l*'*;.  The 
)attle  was  kept  up  with  great  resolution  on  both  sides, 
[imtil  half  past  ten  at  night.  The  armies,  it  is  said,  were 
rithin  twenty  yards  of  each  other  for  two  hours,  and  some 
times  so  mingled  together,  that,  in  spite  '>f  a  clear  moon, 
platoons  were  sometimes  ordered  by  officers  of  the  other 
|army. 

The  following  letter,  written  by  a  surgeon  of  one  of 
the  American  regiments,  the  day  after  the  engagement, 
[contains  some  interesting  particulars : 

"  In  the  afternoon  the  enemy  advanced  towards  Chip- 
)ewa  with  a  powerful  force.  At  6  o'clock  General  Scott 
was  ordered  to  advance  with  his  brigade  and  attack 
Lhem.  He  was  soon  reinforced  by  General  Ripley's 
)rigade ;  they  met  the  enemy  below  the  falls.  They 
had  selected  their  ground  for  the  night,  intending  to  at- 
_  tack  our  camp  before  day-light.     The  action  began  just 

! "before  7,  and  an  uninterrupted  stream  of  musketry  con- 
tinued till  half  past  8,  when  there  was  some  cessation, 
Ithe  British  falling  back.  It  soon  began  again  with  some 
lartillery,  which,  with  slight  interruptions,  continued  till 
Ijalf  past  10,  when  there  was  a  charge,  and  a  tremendous 
stream  of  fire  closed  the  conflict.  Both  armies  fought 
nth  a  desperation  bordering  on  madness ;  neither  would 
[yield  the  palm,  but  each  retired  a  short  distance,  wearied 


t^  y, 


:,  ! 


•     f 


*  .' 


m 


6t> 


THE  NORTHERN 


•  'I 


■rmt 


out  with  fatigue.    Such  a  constant  and  destructive  tire 
-was  never  before  sustained  by  American  troops  without! 
fallins  back. 

♦*  The  enemy  had  collected  their  whole  force  in  the  I 
peninsula,  and  were  reinforced  by  troops  from  Lord  Wel.l 
lington^s  army,  just  landed  from  Kingston.  For  twgl 
hours  the  two  hostile  lines  were  within  20  yards  of  eachi 
other,  and  so  frequently  intermingled,  that  often  an  offi.l 
cer  would  order  an  enemy^s  platoon.  The  moon  shonel 
bright;  but  part  of  our  men  being  dressed  like  the  Glen-I 
garian  regiment  caused  the  deception.  They  frequently  [ 
charged,  and  were  as  often  driven  back.  Our  regimen  J 
under  Colonel  Miller,  was  ordered  to  storm  the  Britiahl 
battery.  We  charged,  and  took  every  piece  of  the  ene.| 
my*s  cannon.  We  kept  possession  of  the  ground  and! 
cannon  untill  12  o^clock  at  night,  when  we  all  fell  backl 
more  than  two  miles.  This  was  done  to  secure  our  campl 
which  might  otherwise  have  been  attacked  in  the  rearj 
Our  horses  being  most  of  them  killed,  and  there  being  do 
ropes  to  the  pieces,  we  got  off  but  two  or  three.  The 
men  were  so  excessively  fatigued  they  could  not  dragl 
them.  We  lost  one  howitzer,  the  horses  being  on  fuU| 
gallop  toward  the  enemy  to  attack  them,  the  riders  werej 
shot  off  and  the  horses  ran  through  the  enemy's  line.  Wei 
lost  one  piece  of  cannon,  which  was  too  much  advanced! 
every  man  being  shot  that  had  charge  of  it,  but  two.) 
Several  of  our  caissons  were  blown  up  by  their  rocketsj 
which  did  some  injury,  and  deprived  our  cannon  of  am* 
munition.  The  lines  were  so  near  that  cannon  could  noti 
be  used  Mrith  advantage." 

The  British  lost  in  killed,  wounded  and  prisoners  878  ;| 
and  the  Americans  860. 


j  ■•  * 


GENERAL  REMARKS. 


i ' 


There  was  perhaps  no  part  of  our  frontier  where  thel 
War  was  regarded  with  so  much  dislike  and  dread  as  here.l 
Many  of  the  inhabitants  of  this  part  of  Canada  were  emi-| 
grants  from  New  York,  New  Jersey  and  Pennsylyani», 


« 


TRAVELLER. 


ot 


and  a  constant  intercourse  kept  up  acioss  tiie  river  has 
uuited  the  people  on  both  sides  like  one  people.  Many 
of  the  Militiamen  who  were  hrre  called  into  action  by  the 

Jinrasion  of  their  territory,  had  friends  and  family  relations 

[in  the  opposite  army ;  so  that  the  contest  was  to  thrm  u 
civil  war  in  its  effects,  divested  of  all  the  impulse  of 
passion. 
A  little  attention  to  the  appearance  and  language  of 

I  the  people  and  their  ranous  manners  and  customs,  will 
fihow  ih. '  ihey  are  collected  from  many  different  regions, 
and  have  amalgamated  very  imperfectly.  At  theclose  of 
the  Revolutionary  war,  the  British  government  offered 
great  encouragement  to  settlers  on  this  tract  of  country, 
from  whatever  districts  they  might  come.     The  situation 

I  of  the  place  necessarily  excludes  all  distant  intercourse 

[with  other  parts  of  the  country;  and  the  original  man< 
lera  have  therefore  remained  with  little  alteration.  There 

I  are  some  Germans  from  Europe,  and  many  from  Penn< 
sylvania,  mingled  with  people  from  New- York  and  New- 

Ijersey ;  and  their  descent  is  often  apparent  from  their 
conntenances  and  dialect,  as  well  as  the  aspect  of  their 

joVellings  find  farms.     There  is  a  village  a  little  removed 

[ftom  the  high  road,  where  little  else  but  German  is 

[spoken. 

The  FsRRir  across  Niagara  river  is  about  half  a  mile 
below  the  falls,  and  may  be  crossed  at  any  hour  in  the 
day,  without  danger,  notwithstanding  the  rapidity  of  the 

!  current.    The  descent  from  the  bank  is  so  steep,  that  it 

,  has  been  necessary  to  build  a  stair-case. 

As  Niagara  is  a  central  point  from  which  many  excur- 
sions may  be  made,  as  well  as  many  courses  taken  by 
different  travellers,  the  following  lists  of  places  and  dis- 
tances on  the  two  routes,  will  not  be  misplaced. 


i  1  »l 


TO  BUFFALO  ON  THE  CANADA  SIDE. 

28  1-2  miles. 

To  Chippewa,  2  miles. 

Waterloo,  16      - 

(Over  the  ferry  to  Black  Rock,  26  cents  each  passeger.) 
Buffalo,  2i 


f: 


it 


I 


I 


* 


!i 


r 


f  i 


■ii ' 


>\  i. 


! 

f 

[I  ll 


58 


THE  NORTHERN 


TO  BUFFALO  ON  THE  AMERICAN  SIDE. 

30  1-2  miles. 

Tonnewanta  Creek,  where  the  Canal  passes,    11  miles.! 
Black  Rock,  10 

Buffalo,  2i 


Queenston, 


TO  FORT  GEORGE, 
14  miles. 
7  I  Fort  George, 


FROM  NIAGARA  TO  MONTREAL.  392  miles 


LewistoD,  7  m. 

Fort  Niagara,  7 

Genesee  river,  74 

Great  Sodus  Bay,  35 

Osweg^o  River,  28 

Sacket^s  Harbour,  40 

Cape  Vincent,  20 


iMorristown, 
Ogdensburgh, 
Gallop  Islands, 
Hamilton, 
St.  Regis, 
La  Chine, 
Montreal. 


50 
12 

5 
19 
35 
53 

7 


Regular  Packets  run  between  York,  Niagara,  and| 
Youngstown. 

Lake  Ontario  Steam-Boat  from  Niagara  to 
Sackett's  Harbour. 

The  periods  when  this  boat  sails  must  be  enquiredl 
for.  It  touches  at  Genesee  river — passage  $13-— for{ 
ward  cabin  $8. 

Black  Rock  is  a  pleasant  village  situated  on  the  mar-l 
gin  of  Niagara  river,  a  little  way  from  its  head,  and  op'| 
posite  Squaw  Island,  at  the  mouth  of  Lake  Erie.  It  was! 
burnt  by  the  British  during  the  war  in  1814,  but  has  I 
since  been  rebuilt  and  encreased  to  a  much  greaterj 
size.  Congress,  during  their  last  session,  voted  a  remu* 
neration  for  losses  on  this  frontier.  Gen.  Porter  has  a  I 
fine  house  in  this  place.  Black  Rock  long  disputed  with 
Buffalo  the  privilege  of  having  the  Basin  of  the  Canal 
built  in  her  harbour,  and  at  last  obtained  it.  A  pier 
about  two  miles  in  length  was  begun,  to  .secure  the 


TRAVELLER. 


60 


!AN  SIDE. 

ises,    11  miles. 
10 

2i 


e, 


L  392  miles 


50 

12 

5 

19 

35 

53 

7 

Niagara,  tndl 


fuOARA  TO 

St  be  enquired! 
sage  $13-— forf 

ed  on  the  mar-l 
3  liead,  and  op*! 
e  Erie.    It  was! 

1814,  but  lias 

much  greater! 

voted  a  remu- 
1.  Porter  has  a  I 

disputed  with 
1  of  the  Canal 
ed  it.    Apiey 

to  secure  the 


|boat9  and  vessels  from  the  waves  of  the  Lake,  as  well 
to  raise  the  water  for  the  supply  of  the  canal  to  Ton- 

fnewanta  Creek ;  and  was  about  three^fourths  completed 
in  1824.  When  the  basin  is  finished,  the  place  must 
necessarily  acquire  great  importance,  as  the  produce- 
transported  by  the  Lake,  and  ttie  foreign  goods  returned 
by  the  Canal,  must  here  be  reshipped  if  not  landed  and 
stored.  Both  Black  Rock  and  Buffalo,  however,  will 
)robably  carry  on  an  extensive  and  profitable  business, 
19  they  both  possess  great  advantages  for  such  a  com- 
lerce. 

BUFFALO,  3  miles  from  Black  Rock. 

Inn. — The  Eagle  Tavern. 

The  situation  of  this  village  is  remarkably  convenient 
and  agreeable,  occupying  a  long  hill  of  a  gentle  ascent, 
rising  from  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  Lake.  The 
)rincipal  street  runs  along  the  ridge  of  the  hill,  looking 
)ut  upon  Lake  Erie  to  the  horizon,  and  is  ornamented 
ivith  several  fine  blocks  of  brick  stores  and  handsome 
[dwelling  houses,  together  with  several  public  buildings, 
lall  erected  since  the  burning  of  the  village  by  the  British 
in  1814,  as  well  as  the  buildings  in  the  other  streets, 
rnich  are  fast  increasing  every  year.  A  large  piece  of 
round  has  been  left  vacant  in  the  middle  of  the  town, 
for  a  public  square,  where  several  important  roads  meet, 
md  which  it  is  intended  to  ornament  with  public  edi- 
ices.  A  walk  has  also  been  laid  out  on  the  brow  of  the 
lill  towards  the  Lake.  This  is  called  the  Terrace,  and 
lifords  a  charming  view  upon  the  Lake,  the  harbour  and 
the  Canal  to  Black  Rock. 

The  harbour  of  Buffalo  is  singularly  fitted  by  nature 
for  the  junction  of  the  two  kinds  of  navigation  which 
ire  here  brought  together ;  the  entrance  from  the  Laks 
)eing  sheltered  by  the  point  on  which  the  light-house  is 
;rfe.  ted,  and  the  two  small  rivers  which  here  unite  their 
waters,  affording  every  convenience  for  landing  and 
reship|)ing  goods.  The  shores  of  these  are  very  bold, 
md  they  are  connected  by  a  natural  channel,  which 
serves  the  purposes  of  a  basin,  as  well  as  of  an  easy  com- 


■  H 


U[    V 


.1  >1 


If    ',•  ■■   i  VI  1 


!l 


60 


THE  NORTHERN 


M       < 


municalion  ;  and  as  the  canal  to  Black  Rock  commeci 
ces  close  by  it,  the  inland  transportation  begins  withouq 
more  ado. 

The.  Canal  to  Black  Rock  is  dug  near  the  shore  of  th« 
Lake.    The  first  part  of  it  Is  through  a  low,  sandy  levell 
where  the  excavations  were  much  impeded  by  the  wateif 
which  soaked  through  in  great  abundance.     About  half] 
a  mile  from  Butlalo  the  workmen  hit  upon  a  bed  of  old 
half  decayed  trees,  which  was  dug  into  to  the  depth 
six  feet,  and  exter^ded  about  half  a  mile.     Many  brancli 
es  and  logs  were  discovered  whic  »  preserved  all  th{ 
grain  of  the  wood,  but  the  greater  part  was  a  black  n)a?j| 
of  matter,  which,  on  being  dried,  burned  with  grea 
readiness.    In  some  places  ashes  and  coals  were  foundJ 
and  some  of  the  logs  appeared  to  have  been  washed  ani 
rolled  by  the  water  of  the  lake  before  they  were  buriiedl 
B^'yond  this  place  is  a  bed  of  silicious  rock,  which 
qiired  much  labour  and  expense  in  cutting  and  blasting 
through  it. 


I  1 


I'll 


VOYAGE  UP  LAKE  ERIE. 

At  Buffalo  opens  a  very  extensive  route,  for  thosowfefl 
are  disposed  to  travel  still  farther  westward.    There  i^ 
little  to  be  seen  along  either  shore  of  the  Lake,  which 
would  reward  a  common  traveller  for  the  tedium  oi" 
lonj^  ride  over  a  country  generally  level,  or  fc   'iheir 
conveniences  he  would  experience  from  the  want  oi 
public  accommodations,  and  ev6n  the  frequent  absence 
of  settlements.    The  only  mode  of  travelling  thereforej 
is  by  water ;  and  great  numbers  of  passengers  pa*fs  ever 
season  between  this  port  and  the  principal  towns  on  the 
Lake,  chiefly  in  the  Steam-Boat  Superior,  Capt.  R\ 
Bunker,  which  cOntiimally  plies  between  this  port  anc 
Detroit,  duringthoye  months  of  the  year  when  the  Lake 
is  navigable.    It  is  of  sufficient  size  to  offer  excellent  ac^ 
commodations;    the  principal   cabin  being  unusuall} 
large  and  convenient,  and  the  forward  cabin  being  fit] 
ted  up  for  families  removing  westward.    The  price  of  i 
passage  to  Detroit  in  the  first  is  $16,  and  in  the  latter] 
where  nothing  is  supplied  but  ship  room  and  access  tc 
the  kitchen,  half  price.    Another  steam  boat  is  to  " 


K^^A 


# 


;  Rock  commecl 
1  begins  without] 

the  shore  of  thi 
low,  sandy  h 
led  by  the  wateij 
ice.  About  halll 
pen  a  bed  of  oli 
to  the  depth 
Many  brancii 
ireserved  all  thd 
ivas  ablackmasi 
rned  with  great! 
3als  were  foundj 
►een  washed  unil 
ley  were  buried] 
i  rock,  which 
Lting  and  bkstiD{| 


IE. 

te,  for  those  who 
ward.    There  \i 
the  Lake,  whicl( 
the  tedium  oi" 
el,  or  fc   idieir 
)m  the  want 
Vequent  absence 
veiling  therefor(j 
ngers  pa«s  ever 
>al  towns  on  tW 
ERioR,  Capt.  R\ 
en  this  port  anc 
:  when  the  Lake 
fer  excell*^nt 
>eing  unusual!} 
cabin  being  fit| 
The  price  ofi 
id  in  the  latter] 
(I  and  access  tc 
11  boat  is  to  bfil 


^ 


ci 


V. 


n^o 


« 


>     "s- 


$i^' 


V. 


^ 


^ 


^ 


%• 


^ 


U: 


^ 


^ 


h 


\    i 


\\  V 


a 


loruplelt 
I  tiie  same 
t  Black  Re 
I  still  furth 

places  or 

I  From  Bi 
Er 
Gr 

Cl( 
Sai 


u 


Gheest 

lion  occu 

large  nurr 

'xertions 

tribe  resi( 

liidians, 

IS  yet  un 

m  additi( 

)y  the  re 

ley  have 

;lvilized  ii 

md  to  prs 

)rincipalh 

he  latter, 

Jome  da»ic 

)tockbrid< 

las,  in  tht 

loticed  bf 

?rras  for  i 

lis  nation 

Uicient  gr 

led,  in  ca 


OnButr^ 
leveral  lar 
[cations ; 
fisit  them. 
F 


TRAVELLEll. 


4)1 


mi 


I  completed  by  the  same  company  in  1825,  to  perform 

tlie  same  voyage  ;  and  an  opposition  boat  is  to  run  from 

Black  Rock,  so  that  the  facilities  to  tray ellers  will  be 

still  further  encreased.    The  following  are  the  stopping 

I  places  on  the  passage  to  Detroit,  with  their  distances. 


[From  Buffalo  -    -    •    -    to 

Erie to 

Grand  River  -  -  to 
Cleaveland  -  -  -  to 
Sandusky   -    -    -    to 


j> 


;> 


J» 


Erie,    -    -    - 
Grand  River, 
Cleaveland,  - 
Sar.dusky,  - 
Detroit,    -    - 


§0  miles. 

76 

30 

60 

75 


>> 


»> 


»> 


>» 


Total  330 


Green  Bay,  on  Lake  Huron,  is  interesting  as  a  posi- 
tion occupied  by  a  military  garrison,  and  the  sefit  of  a 
lafi^e  number  of  Indians,  for  whose  improvement  some 
exertions  have  been  recently  made.  The  principal 
tribe  residing  there  is  the  Menominie,  or  Wild  Rice 
lijdians,  who  are  both  numerous  and  powerful  and 
IS  yet  uncivilized  ;  but  they  have  recently  received 
in  addition  to  their  numbers  by  having  been  joined 
)y  the  remnant  of    the  Stockbridge   tribe,   to  whom 

ley  have  offered  a  share  of  their  land.  The  latter  aro 
jiv'ilized  in  such  a  degree  as  to  have  pretty  good  farms, 
md  to  practice  some  of  the  mechanic  arts,  though  they 
)rincipally  depend  on  hunting  and  fishing,  particularly 
}ie  latter,  which  is  very  important  to  them.  There  is 
[ome  daiiger  of  difficulty  arising  here  however ;  for  the 
)tockbridge  Indians  have  sent  an  invitation  to  the  Onei- 
las,  in  thb  state  of  New-York,  with  whom,  as  has  been 
loticed  before,  they  have  resided  on  the  most  friendly 

jrms  for  many  years,  to  go  and  live  with  them ;  but  as 

lis  nation  and  the  Menominies  have  long  cherished  an 
hicient  grudge,  there  is  some  fear  of  broils  and  blood' 

led,  in  case  they  should  determine  to  accept  of  it, 

« 

Ancient  Fortifications. 

On  Buffalo  Creek,  and  towa^'ds  Genesee  River  also,  are 
[everal  large  and  interesting  remnants  of  Ancient  Forti- 
ications ;  but  as  they  lie  off  the  road,  few  travellers  will 
[isit  them.    They  appear  to  form  part  of  a  great  chain 


62 


THE  NC^m^^.f^N 


.'  : ': 


^  ' 


> 


I.. 


of  defensive  works  cxtenc^in^  iWm  the  eastern  partoi 
Lake  Ontario,   along  that  1/  .kc  and  Erie,  down  the 
Ohio  and   Missipppi  rivers    to  Mexico.      This  is  the 
opinion  of  Mr.  Atwater,  of  Circleville,  Ohio,  who  has 
published  some  very  interesting  details,  drawings  kc.l 
connected  with  them,  in  his  *'  Archaeolopia  Americana." 
A  line  of  old  forts  extends  from  Cataraugus  Creek,  60  mj 
along  the  shore  of  Lake  Erie,  to  the  line  of  Pennsyl- 
vania.   They  are  on  the  borders  of  en  eks  and  old  bays, 
although  now  from  2  to  5  miles  distant  from  the  Lake,! 
which  is  supposed  to  have  retired  that  distance  sinoej 
they  were  built.     Another  similar  line  is  said  to  exist  io 
the  rear  of  them,  on  another  parallel  elevation. 

Much  curiosity  and  ijpeculation  have  been  called  fortjil 
hy  these  singular  monuments  of  antiquity — Some  regardl 
them  as  marks  of  a  civilized  people ;  others  as  the  workjj 
of  Indian  tribes.  Some  traces  of  a  tradition  relating  to| 
them  are  said  to  have  been  lately  discovered. 

Seneca  Castle.  The  Seneca  Mation  possess  a  largel 
and  valuable  tract  of  land  adjoiniag  Buffalo  on  the  east,! 
and  they  have  two  villages  3  and  5  miles  on  the  roadj 
The  Senecasare  the  westernmost  tribe  in  the  confedera-l 
cy  of  the  Five  Nations,  and  he.ve  always  hel  d  a  conspicu] 
ousrank  in  their  history.  They  were  formerly  con  5iderl 
ed  the  most  numerous  and  po  v/ortul  tribe,  and  preservedl 
this  superiority  until  the  fatal  defeat  they  received  fronj 
Ge»i.  Schuyler  near  Canandaigua,  in  1778,  since  whict] 
they  ha      uidde  a  less  conspicuous  figure. 

The  ft  ii^;  nee  of  this  nation  after  they  fled  from  Can* 
da,  before  their  enemies  the  Arondiacs,  was  principallji 
upon  the  shores  of  Seneca  Lake,  though  their  lands  eij 
tended  to  Niagara  River  and  north  of  Lake  Erie,  o| 
which  they  long  had  the  command.  They  are  now 
duced  to  a  few  hundred,  some  of  them  residing  here  ani| 
some  in  other  Indian  villages  further  east.  Besides  thij 
land  they  possess,  which  is  remarkable  for  its  fertility! 
the  nation  are  in  possession  of  a  large  sum  in  m 
United  States  bank  stock,  the  dividend  tor  which  tbej| 
receive  annually. 

The  most  remarkable  persons  of  the  Seneca  natioij 
now  living,  is  the  famous  Red  Jacket,  who  inhabits s 
^mall  log  bouqp,  in  a  very  retired  situation,  about  fots 


traveller; 


63 


mies  i'l'om  Buffalo,  and  one  mile  north   of  the  roar' 
through  the  reserv  tion      He  has  rejidered  himseU  con- 
spicuous for  'Tiany  yeaii>  by  his  eloquence,  snd  formerly 
I  possessed  an  extensive  influence  over  his  countrymen. 
'  But  he  is  now  old  and  poor,  and  worse  still,  not  too  tem- 
perate. He  has  always  maintained  a  resolute  opposition 
[to  the  introduction  of  the  christian  religion  among  his 
[nation,  and  has  recently  succeeded  in   excluding  all 
;  ministers  from  entering  the  reservation.     This  was  done 
[by  the  authority  of  the  state  under  a  regulation  intended 
[to  guard  against  the  admission  of  ill  disposed  persons, 
[who  are  always  found  ready  to  impose  upon  the  Indians^ 
[get  them  in  their  power  and  endeavour,  by  fomenting 
{uneasiness,  as  well  as  by  threats  and  promises,  to  induce 
Ithem  to  remove  and  leave  their  lands. 

Billy  is  another  very  old  man  of  the  tribe,  and  of  a 
character  very  different  from  that  of  Red  Jacket.  He  is 
good  orator,  but  his  real  worth  as  well  as  his  influence, 
lepends  on  the  more  substantial  qualities  of  a  sincere 
md  consistent  christian.  His  example  and  the  iLstn|c- 
ions  for  some  time  enjoyed  in  the  nation,  have  pro- 
luced  great  effects  on  a  portion  of  the  families.  The 
livelier  will  observe  several  farms  under  a  degree  of 
cultivation,  and  may  meet  with  individuals  who  con- 
form pretty  nearly  to  the  English  style  of  dress  and  have 
itroduced  some  of  our  customs  into  their  houses.  The 
neater  part  of  them  however  speak  no  language  but 
[ndian. 


I     i 


Stage  Road  from  Buffalo  to  Canandaigua, 

The  first  few  miles  of  this  road  present  very  little  inter- 
est, 15or20milesof  itpassoveranold  cause  ^  of  logs,  and 
Jie  country  for  that  distance  is  a  forest,  with  hardly  any 
[igns  of  inhabitants.  The  logs  make  the  travelling  rough 
^nd  disagreeable  ;  but  as  they  are  gradually  covere»I 
jver  with  earth,  the  difficulties  are  lessening  every  year, 
to  those  who  are  not  accustomed  to  a  country  so  new 
ind  wild  as  this,  a  word  or  two  may  not  be  amiss  on 
he  manner  in  which  roads  are  first  made  in  an  Ameri- 
can settlement.  In  thick  forests,  the  surface  of  the 
p)uml  is  covered  to  the  depth  of  one  or  two  feet,  with 


m-  i\ 


r:;* 


iH 


THE  NORTHERN 


!  ' 


>  ! 


i.  ■ 


L.  I 


i!    ..ill- 


*  ,11 


the  roots  of  trees,  which  are  extremely  difficult  to  be  n 
moved,  and  are  very  dangerous  for  horses  or  oxen  to  j 
pass  over.  A  close  layerof  logs,  although  itself  sufficienl- 
ly  rough,  forms  a  much  safer  and  more  convenient  pail)| 
and  is  usually  adopted  with  great  advantage.     There  is  I 
another  reason  for  it — the  elevation  of  the  road  above 
the  common  surface,  secures  it  from  being  overflowed 
by  the  water,  which  in  the  moist  seasons  of  the  year] 
would  impede  the  travelling  in  low  and  marshy  places. 
When  the  logs  decay,  they  are  apt  to  form  bad  ruts  and] 
holes,  which  should  be  filled  with  earth  or  gravel.    In- 
deed the  usual  practice  is,  as  the  road  becomes  morel 
travelled,  and  the  inhabitants  increase,  to  cover  it  all 
with  a  thick  bed  of  earth  ;  and  roads  thus  formed  are| 
proverbial  for  their  excellence. 

BATAVIA,  40  miles  from  Buffalo,  is  a  very  handsome! 
village,  and  contains  the  residence  of  Mr.  Otto,  thDJ 
Agent  of  the  Holland-Land  Company,  as  well  as  thcl 
county  buildings,  and  the  house  oiMr.  Elliot,  the  forni'l 
er  agent  of  the  above  mentioned  company. 

At  LEROY,  10  miles,  a  number  of  curious  stonejl 
were  discovered,  in  1824,  which  were  at  first  supposed! 
to  be  petrided  Sea  Turtles.  They  were  found  in  the  bed! 
of  Allen's  creek  about  200  yards  north  of  the  villagej 
bridge,  an (^  usually  weighed  from  one  to  three  or  four| 
hundred  pounds,  although  some  have  been  picked  upl 
in  another  place  in  the  neighbourhood,  not  much| 
larger  than  a  man's  hand.  Several  were  found  imbed 
*5^d  in  the  lime  stone  rock  through  Tvhich  the  streaml 
has  cut  its  way,  lying  horizontally,  yet  evidently  of  an| 
older  formation.  They  consist  of  a  dark  coloured  bitUj 
minous  lime  stone,  which  readily  splits  in  the  middieJ 
and  betrays  a  number  of  whitish  crystalline  veins  traf 
versing  each  other  nearly  at  right  angles,  and  growing 
thicker  iff  the  middle,  and  often  containing  a  quantity! 
of  yellow  clay,  or  ochre,  with  a  few  holes  filled  with  al 
bituminous  oily  substance  which  flows  out.  These! 
stones  are  certainly  very  curious  specimens,  but  tliej 
original  theory  is  not  likely  to  be  received. 

The  Wadsworth  Farm  at  Geneseo  is  so  far  and  sol 
justly  famed  for  its  size  andfertility  and  still  more  for  thel 
admirable  system  of  cultivation  under  which  it  is  carried! 


11*!' 


fticult  to  be  It 


:hu3  formed  are 


TRAVELLEfl. 


65 


rm,  that  every  man  of  taste  who  passes  this  way,  will 
lind  great  gratification  ia  stopping  to  see  it,  particularly 
if  he  is  personally  interested  in  the  improvement  of 
agriculture. 

Mr.  Wadworth's  farm  contains  about  4000  acres,  about 
]700of  which  are  richaihivial  land  on  the  banks  of  the 
Genesee  river.  He  combines  science  with  practical 
knowledge  in  the  management  of  it  in  such  a  manner 
as  to  enjoy  the  proper  benefits  of  both  ;  while  he  studies 
to  introduce  all  valuable  improvements,  he  is  careful  to 
preserve  evtry  method  which  ex^)erience  has  proved 
really  valuable.  Time  is  here  mostsystematically  divided, 
and  labour  is  carefully  saved  in  eveiy  case  where  an  in- 
iM-nious  machine  or  a  wise  expedient  can  be  resorted  to 
with  advantage.  Various  branches  of  agriculture  have 
1  ten  tried  on  this  fertile  tract  of  country  ;  but  the 
jMtising  of  sheep  has  been  found  the  most  profitable,  and 
(the  farm  has  been  almost  converted  into  mowing  fields, 
[and  pastures. 

The  residence  of  the  proprietor  is  in  a  fine  and  spa- 
cious building,  in  a  commanding  situation;  and  the 
whole  aspect  of  the  farm  indicates  the  good  order  and 
method  with  which  it  is  conducted. 

The  Genesee  meadows  were  formerly  the  residence 
)t  a  large  tribe  of  Indians  of  the  Seneca  nation  ;  and 
/hen  Gen.  Sullivan  reached  this  place  in  his  march 
through  the  country,  he  found  a  considerable  village  of 
fog  houses  on  the  second  bank,  which  had  been  desert- 
id  at  his  approach,  A  large  tract  of  fine  land  adjoin- 
ing; the  Wadsworth  farm,  is  now  possessed  by  a  v/oman 
)elonging  to  the  Seneca  nation.  She  is  called  "  the  In- 
iian  White  TVoman"  as  she  was  taken  prisoner  from 
Ifome  frontier  settlement,  many  years  ago,  when  she 
ras  very  young,  adopted  by  the  savages,  and  married  to 
Chief  of  the  tribe. 

West  Bloomfield,  beyond  the  Genesee  Hver,  is  one 
)f  the  finest  agricultural  townships  in  thesiaie,  and  pre- 
sents a  succession  of  beatiful  farms,  tilled  with  care  and 
rielding  the  finest    crops.     Fruit   thrives  remarkable 
/ell  in  all  this  western  country,  as  the  slightest  atten- 
pon  to  the  orchards  will  sufficiently  prove  ;  and  while 
in  smoothness  and  neatness  the  fields  rival  of  theso^tbie 
F3 


t 


iv 


i. 


I  ,^ 


,^ 


'  ( 


13  A  i  -S; 


!  i' 


im 


THE  NORTHERN 


oldest  districts  farther  cast,  the  orchards  exceeed  them 
in  luxuriance  and  products.  The  Black  Aj)j)le  is  a  spe- 
cies of  fruit  whicti  has  been  said  to  be  peculiar  to  tliis 
region.  The  damess  and  peculiarity  of  its  colour  art 
ijulficient  to  d  stinguish  it  at  a  considerable  distance ;  and 
th  •  flavour  is  firte,  although  it  doe?  not  arrive  at  maturi- 
ty until  it  has  been  kept  some  weeks  in  the  winter. 

East  Bloomfield  is  the  next  village  ;  and  the  general 
remarks  just  made  may  with  justice  be  applied  to  this  I 
plncc  also.        '  ' 


i 


i    ! 


,    ♦ 


CANANDAIGUA. 

Inn.  Blossom's  stage  house.    This  is  one  of  the  finest 
of  the  western  towns  and  its  principal  street  runs  alon^ 


the  ridge  of  a  commanding 


hill,'  rising  from  the  north  I 


end  of  Canandaigua  Lake.  It  is  wide  and  contains  many 
large  and  handsome  houses,  particularly  that  of  the  latel 
Gideon  Granger.  It  is  to  be  regretted,  when  the  fine! 
appearance  of  this  town  is  considered,  that  it  should  noil 
have  been  built  nearer  the  lake,  fnd  on  some  of  those! 
fine  elevations  which  overlook  this  beautiful  sheet  ci| 
water.  The  road  in  passing  Canandaigua  Lake,  com[ 
niand:^  a  finer  view  of  scenery  than  on  any  of  the  otherl 
lakes  it  passes.  The  banks  are  high  and  variegated  andl 
at  the  distance  of  two  or  three  miles,  rise  to  an  imposing 
height,  and  add  a  great  degree  of  beauty  to  the  scene.  Al 
number  of  gentlemen's  seats  are  seen  along  the  westeral 
bank ;  and  a  little  way  off  in  the  lake  on  the  same,  is  a| 
small  rocky  island,  where  the  Seneca  Indians  carried  i 
their  women,  children  and  old  men,  when  Gen.  Sulliva»| 
a-ppbitred  against  them.  They  took  position  themselve 
in  a  fort  two  or  three  miles  northerly  from  the  lake,wheDC<{ 
they  were  drix'cn  by  their  civilized  enemies. 
For  the  stage  road  to  Rochester,  see  Index. 


■i 


\ . 


BURNING  SPRINGS. 

Bprings  of  Wf»ter  charged  with  inflammable  gas  are  quild 
common  m  the  vicinity  of  this  place.  The  following 
description  of  them  is  extracted  from  an  account  publish] 
ed  in  a  Canandaigua  newspaper,  in  Feb.  1825. 


\    w 


Bl     > 


^orffi 


ae  of  the  finest 
eet  runs  alon^ 
rom  the  nortti 
contains  many 
that  of  the  late 
when  the  fine 
.t  it  should  noil 
1  some  of  thosel 
LUtiful  sheet  o(| 
ua  Lake,  com- 
ly  of  the  otherl 
variegated  andl 
to  an  imposing! 
\  the  scene.    Al 
ng  the  westeral 
L  the  same,  is  a| 
ians  carried  ai! 
Gen.  SuUivanl 
ion  themselv( 
helake,whei)cd 


Seoftt 


I,     ' 


m  .¥ 


I 


^ 


1 


Canandt 

The  k 
of  Bristf 
Presbyte 
clay  slat 
rises  Jir( 
and  the 
water,  it 
the  flamt 
rock,  it  I 
continue 

The  sp 
miles  So 
a  tract  n 
the  valk 
vation  ot 

The  la 
in  a  field 
merous. 
few  feet  i 
dark  bitu 
been  dep 
way  to  t 
currents  < 
steady  fl£ 
the  snow 
teresting 
contact  \ 
it  is  said, 
gas,  (pro 
in  it,)  wl 
feet,  the 
lighted  in 
more  bea 

Within 
put  into  ( 
mica!  pui 
the  hilloc 
to  the  kit 
ture  a  litt 
door  of 


»N 


TRAVELFEU 


«V 


'  Tlif^se  Springs  arc  fuiind  in  Bristol,  Middlesex,  and 
Canandttigua. 

The  former  are  situated  in  a  ravine  on  the  west  side 
of  Bristol  Hollow,  about  half  a  mile  from  the  North 
Tresbyterian  Meeting  House.  The  ravino  Is  formed  iii 
clay  slate,  and  a  small  brook  runs  through  it.  The  }',as 
rises  through  fissures  of  the  slate,  from  both  the  mar^m 
and  the  bed  of  the  brook.  Where  it  rises  through  the 
water,  it  is  formed  into  bubbles,  and  flashes  only  when 
the  flame  is  applied ;  but  where  it  rises  directly  from  the 
rock,  it  burns  with  a  steady  and  beautiful  flame,  which 
continues  until  extinguished  by  storms,  or  by  design. 

The  springs  in  Middlesex  are  situated  from  one  to  two 
miles  Southwesterly  from  the  village  of  Rushville,  along 
a  tract  nearly  a  mile  in  length,  partly  at  the  bottom  of 
the  valley  called  Federal  Hollow,  and  partly  at  an  ele- 
vation of  40  or  60  feet  on  the  South  side  o*  it. 

The  latter  have  been  discovered  within  a  few  years, 
in  a  field  which  had  been  long  cleared,  and  are  very  nu- 
merous. Their  places  are  known  by  little  hillocks  of  a 
few  feet  in  diameter,  and  a  few  inches  high,  formed  of  a 
dark  bituminous  mould,  which  seems  principally  to  have 
been  deposited  by  the  gas,  and  through  which  it  findt  its 
way  to  the  surface,  in  one  or  more  currents.  These 
currents  of  gas  may  be  set  on  fire,  and  will  burn  with  a 
steady  flame.  In  winter  they  form  openings  through 
the  snow,  and  being  set  on  fire,  exhibit  the  novel  and  in- 
teresting phenomenon  of  a  steady  and  lively  flame  in 
contact  with  nothing  but  snow.  In  very  cold  weather, 
it  is  said,  tubes  of  ice  are  formed  round  these  currents  of 
gas,  (probably  from  the  freezing  of  the  water  contained 
in  it,)  which  sometimes  rise  to  the  height  of  two  or  three 
feet,  the  gas  issuing  from  their  tops ;  the  whole  when 
lighted  in  a  still  evening,  presenting  an  appearance  even 
more  beautiful  than  the  former. 

Within  a  few  days,  the  proprietors  of  this  field  have 
put  into  operation  a  plaii  for  applying  the  gas  to  econo- 
mical purposes.  From  a  pit  which  was  sunk  in  one  of 
the  hillocks,  the  gas  is  conducted  through  bored  logs, 
to  the  kitchen  of  the  dwelling,  and  rises  through  ar)  aper- 
ture a  little  more  than  half  sn  inch  in  diameter,  in  the 
door  of  a  small  cooking  stove.    When  inflamed,  the 


11 


t 


ih   ''' 


■.  i(l  f 


.'*uy^'\^ 


^  4k» 
>^^^ 

O     .     ^-.  ^o.^. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


■12 

IK 


I2g 


12.0 


o 

'•2^  II '  ^  ii^ 

^ 

6"     

— ■ ► 

^ 


y 


-l!l 


■^^ 


/ 


o/- 


/^ 


Hiotographic 

SdeQces 

Corporation 


33  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14S80 

(716)  •72-4S03 


o 


A/.. 


68 


:b^ 


NORTHERN 


h 


mixture  of  gas  and  common  air  in  the  stove  Arst  vk. 
plodes,  and  then  the  stream  bums  steadily.  The  heat 
involved  is  considerable ;  so  that  even  this  small  supply. 
8  said  to  be  sufficient  for  cooking.  In  another  part  of 
the  room,  a  stream  of  the  gas,  from  an  orifice  ode  eighth 
of  an  inch  in  diameter,  is  kindled  in  the  evening^,  and  af- 
fords the  light  of  two  or  three  candles.  The  novelty  of 
the  spectacle  attracts  a  concourse  of  visitors  so  great, 
that  the  proprietors  have  found  it  expedient  to  convert 
their  dwelling  into  a  public  inn. 

The  springs  in  the  to^/n  of  Canandaigua  are  situated 
on  both  sides  of  the  lake,  within  three  miles  of  the  vil. 
lage.    They  have  not  been  particularly  examined. 

Experiments  made  with  the  gas  seem  to  prove,  that  it 
consists  principally  of  a  mixture  of  the  light  and  heavy 
carburetted  hydrogen  gases,  the  former  naving  greatly 
the  preponderance ;  and  that  it  contains  a  small  prop6r> 
tioB  of  carbonic  acid  gas.  It  seems  also  to  hold  a  little 
oily  or  bituminous  matter  in  solution.  It  bums  with  a 
lambent,  yellowish  flame,  scarcely  inclining  to  red, 
with  small  scintillations  of  a  bright  red  at  its  base.  It 
has  the  odour  of  pit  coal.  It  produces  no  smoke,  but 
deposits,  while  burning,  a  small  quantity  of  bituminous 
lampblack.  It  is  remarkable  that  the  hillocks,  through 
which  the  gas  rises,  are  totally  destitute  of  vegetation. 
Whether  the  gas  is  directly  deleterious  to  vegetable  life, 
or  indirectly,  by  interrupting  the  contact  of  the  air  of 
the  atmosphere,  it  is  certain  that  no  plant  can  sustam 
life  within  the  circle  of  its  influence. 

It  is  well  known  that  this  gas  is  found  abundantly  in 
coal  mines;  .^nd being  accidently  set  on  fire,  (mixed  as 
it  is  in  those  inines  with  the  air  of  the  atmosphere;}  has 
many  times  caused  terrible  and  destructive  explosions. 
The  writer  cannot  leara  that  it  has  ever  been  known  to 
be  generated  in  the  earth,  except  in  the  presence  of 
cofU ;  and  hence  the  inference  is  strong,  that  it  proceeds 
from  coal.  If  we  add  to  this  the  fact,  that  there  is  no 
substance  in  the  earth,  except  coal  and  other  vegetable 
and  animal  remains,  from  which,  by  any  known  natu* 
ral  process,  the  elements  of  the  gas  cou^d  be  obtained, 
the  proof  almost  amounts  to  demonstration.    The  oily 


BH 


*^ 


'«^' 


TRAVELLER.  m 

deposite  which  has  been  mentioned,  may  be  considered 
as  a  fiirther  proof  of  the  correctness  of  the  inference.  ^ 

The  Road  betweeen  Canandaigfua  and  Geneva  passesr 
over  a*  singular  tnibt  of  country,  the  form  of  whi<di  will 
no^  isiSL  to  be  remarked  by  an  observant  traveller.  The 
dirtance  is  26  miles ;  and  the  ground  gradually  rises  by 
Iarg;e  natural  terraces^  or  steps,  for  about  half  the  distance, 
and  descends  in  the  same  manner  on  the  other  side  to 
Seneca  Lake.  These  steps  or  terraces  appear  to  have 
been  formed  by  those  strong  currents  of  water  of  which 
g;eQlogists  epe^k^  which  at  some  ancient  period  of  the 
irorld  have  evidently  passed  over  many  tracts  of  country 
in  different  parts  of  the  world.  The  ridges  and  channels 
thus  formed  here  stretch  north  and  south,  frequently  to  a 
considerable  distance,  corresponding  both  in  form  and  di- 
rection with  ihe  numerous  lakes  which  are  found  in  thi» 
part  of  the  state.  Several  ancient  fortifications  have 
been  traced  here.  From  the  middle  ridge  the  view  i.« 
extensive ;  but  the  surrounding  country  is  of  too  uniform, 
a  surfiUse  to  present  any  remarkable  variety  of  scenei-}'. 
The  form  adapts  it  peculiarly  to  agriculture,  indeed,  did 
the  soil  but  cpnespond  in  richness,  the  Whole  scene  would 
be  peculiarly  delightful  in  an  agricultural  point  of  view. 

GENEVA. 

This  town  occupies  a  charming  situation  at  the  head 
of  Seneca  Lake,  and  for  a  mile  along  its  western  bank^ 
which  rises  to  a  conaiderable  elevation  above  the  surface, 
and  affords  room  for  a  broad  and  level  street.  The  build- 
ings, in  this  village  are  remarkably  neat  and  handsome. 
It  Stains  one  of  the  most  comfortable  isus  in  the  state, 
kept  by  Mr.  Lynch. 

Sxjrili^  Lake, 

is  36  niiles  long,  and  about  3  or  4  wide.  Its  depth  is  un- 
usually great,  and  the  water  clear  and  very  cold,  to 
which  is  referred  the  scarcity  of  fish.  There  is  a  re- 
markable phenomenon  long  observed  by  those  who  re- 
side near  it,  which  has  never  been  satisfactorily  account- 
ed for.  The  water  has  a  regular  rise  and  fall  every  seven 
years.    This  is  perceptible  along  the  shore,  but  roor^ 


'-*■'' 


% 


\\ 


i 


i 


il 


^0 


TH§NORTHERr« 


praetically  eriablbhed  in  the  experience  of  the  boatmen, 
4iirho  are  accustomed  to  oondulst  boats  throttth  the  Sene- 
ca river,  to  the  canal,  as  they  formerly  dif  to  Oneida 
Iiake,  and  down  the  Mohawk  river. 

The  land  on  the  borders  of  Seneca  Lake  Is' valuable 
for  many  miles,  and  is  inhabited  by  a  mixed  population 
from  New  Jersey,  Maryland,  &c.  with  a  number  of 
English  families.  Towards  the  southern  end  of  the 
Lake,  the  soil  chanees  for  the  worse ;  but  in  a  few  yean 
the  productions  of  mese  shores  may  be  expected  to  form 
a  much  more  important  figure  than  they  do  at  present, 
among  the  vast  amount  of  transports  that  annuidly  flow 
down  the  great  Canal. 

A  staffe-coach  runs  from  Geneva  down  the  west  side 
of  th^  Take,  and  then  crosses  to  the  head  of  Cayuga 
Lak^i  to  the  village  of  tthaca ;  but  the  road  is  not  Inter- 
esting, and  the  more  agreeable  mode  of  reaching  that 
village  is  by  taking  the  steam-boat  at  Cayuga  bridge  14 
miles  fron?.  Geneva,  oin  tfa«  ereat^mail  route. 

Caigva  Lake  is  40  miles  in  length,  and  generallj 
alriut  2  in  breadth.  Its  witer  is  shallow, the  depth  being 
only  a  few  feet.  A  fine  bridge  i»  built  across  it  near  the 
nothernendyWhereitisaxmlewide.  -7  \j.X 

The  Steam  Boat  EXPE&niEirT'*  " 


-^■ 


i 


Plies  between  Cajmga  Bridge  and  Ithaca,  at  the  head 
of  the  lake,  in  such  a  mimner  as  tib  meet  the  stage  coaches 
on  the  new  route  from  Ithaca  to  New^York,  returning  the 
same  days.  It  is  small  m^  frequently  used  to  tow  canal 
boato  on  the  lake ;  lipiA Iklarge  oiough  to  accomnipye 
a  considerable  mxoAit  61  jpiasengers,  and  is  frequl;iy 
crowded  with  pavpiKl  fiofi  iie  nei|^Louring  countiy,  as 
well  as  traveller%l|4l  tfat  4awil|p|im.u  one  of  the  pleaMunt* 
est  that  can  be  ^imi  m  this  ]^  of  the  state.  It^^iJsp 
connects  several  important  lii|as  of  stage-coaches,  which 
tJie  traveller  will  do  well  to  notice  if  he  wishes  to  go  to 
CaiskiU^  Jftwburg^  New  York  or  J^ew  Jersey  by  the  most 
direct  route.  These  routes  will  be  more  particularly] 
noticed  on  arriving  at  Ithaca. 


I<? 


le  boatmen, 
[(h  the  Seine* 
'  to  Oneida 


4 


^^ 


fF^Oswef^ 


V 


le^ 


OSWEGO 


\ 


■> 


Li 


Liv< 


hr^ta,\9^<^^ 


B*ff 


« 

»" 


5; 


- 


Carallljua* 


mtihrn- 


;S: 


m 


and  the  M 
times  invj 
otonous  a 
fetitares. 
beautiful 
of  water  t 
and  forces 
in  its  coui 
from  the  ^ 
bar  at  thi 
street. 

Thevil 
center  tlw 
The  first  1( 
the  second 
the  third  f 


This  bet 
is  about  3: 
beleftuDM 
que  thai « 
tiiesufttmi 
thebeailty 
pression  of 
sigfhtofaii; 
sublimity/ 

Great  qt 
arettinspo 
ofthecoun 
the  lake  an 

This  18 114 
flow  in  the 

Theaato 
enterprisiiij 
toal,  has  act 
the  cduntr]! 
m  CQQseqiK 
^wy  of  th< 


TRAVELLER. 


71 


lHi6pno6of  a  passage  in  the  steam  boat  is  one  dollar  ; 
and  the  Bcenes  brought  to  view  in  passing  along  are  some* 
times  inviting  although  the  shores  are  generally  too  mon- 
otonous and  of  too  Uttle  elevation  to  afford  anv  striking 
feiitures.  A  little  before  arriving  at  the  head  of  the  lake,  a 
beautiful  WaterfiM  is  seenon  the  left  handfWfaere  a  stream 
of  water  0ows  over  a  very  high  precipice  into  a  deep  gleiif 
and  forces  its  way  along,  turning  several  valuable  miUs 
in  its  course.  The  lanaine  place  is  about  three  miles 
from  the  village  of  Ithaca,  but  lumber  boats  can  pass  liie 
bar  at  the  mouth  of  the  inlet,  and  proceed  up  to  the 
street. 

The  village  of  Ithaca  is  neat  and  flourishing.  Here 
center  three  roads  to  Cattkill^  J^ewburgh  and  jfew  Yorfcm 
The  first  leads  nearly  in  a  direct  line  to  the  Hudson  river, 
the  second  passes  the  Great  Bend  of  the  Delaware,  and 
the  third  furnishes  daily  the  hhortest  route  to  New  York. 


TheCaicadx* 


^ 


This  beautiful  and  romftntie  scene  already  spoken  of 
is  about  3  miles  from  the  village,  and  should  by  no  means 
be  left  unseen.  Th6  Waterfall  is  one  of  the  most  pictures- 
que thai  can  bO  imagined.  The  height  and  solemnity  of 
tiie  sultounding  rocks,  the  darkness  of  their  shadows  and 
the  beauty  of  the  sparkling  8pray,unite  to  pioduce  an  im- 
{iression  of  pleasure  which  is  rarely  experienced  at  Uie 
eight  of  any  scene,  however  extraordinary  for  beauty  or 
sublimity. 

Great  quantities  of  Plaster  of  Paris,  (Sulphate  of  Lime) 
aretftnsported  from  this  neigbbouifaood  to  different  parts 
of  the  country.  Grain,  lumber,  lEe..are  also  sent  aown 
the  lake  and  towards  the  south  by  the  Sohylkill  river. 

This  is  near  the  dividing  line  bietween  the  waters  iidiich 
flow  in  the  two  directions. 

The  astonishing  success  which  has  aocom^mied  the 
enterprising  spirit  of  the  state  in  formine  the  Grand  Ca- 
nal, has  acted  as  a  powerful  stimulus  in  different  parts  of 
the  country,  and  numerous  works  of  the  same  kind  have 
in  consequence  been  proposed  east,  West  and  south. 
Muiy  of  these  have  been  found  impracticable,  aUd  a  larg^ 


72 


THE  NORTHERJS 


part  of  those  which  may  hereafter  be  Jsarned  into  iexecu- 
tion,  relate  to  redone  removed  beyond  the  rtihere  of  a 
-work  of  so  local  a  character  ai  thL  litUe  boG«.  In  thib 
neighbourhood  however  there  have  been  several  plana  of 
this  description,  which  it  would  be  improfier  to  pass 
over  without  notice,  although  they  have  been  to  recently 
formed,  that  their  practicabilitjris  not  in  eviSry  case  fully 
ascertained.    One  of  the  most  important  is  a       • 

Canal  from  i^Caytiga  Lake  to  the  SchuplkiU  B-sverx 
Which  approaches  very  near  each  otlier. 


The  Draining  of  the  Cayuga  Marshes* 


>»» 


The  following  lacts  are  extracted  from  the*  report 
made  to  the  Legislature  in  January  1825»  by  Mr.  Thomas, 
who  had  been  appointed  by  the  Canal  l^oard  to  survey 
the  regions  about  Cayuga  Lake.  It  will  be  observed 
that  a  two  fold  objcvct  is  proposed  by  this  scheiitie:  and 
that  it  is  intended  to  improve  the  navigation  between 
the  Lak&and  theCanal,t  ^  weU  as  to  rescue  a  latg^  tract 
of  valuable  land  from  the  water.     ^  ' 

These  extensive  tracts  maybe  rende^arabU,  by 
lowering  the  siArfjace  of  the  Seneca  i^ver#feiet»'&t  m 
foot  of  the  Cayuga  Lake.  It  would  be  4esical]tle;  ip* 
deed,  to  confine  the  extraordinary  floods  of^e  jnveis 
within  its  proper  channel,  but  tl#  dispropori^nate  |iii- 
crease  (KfexpfBuse^  leaves  it  4<gp|Mt  whetner  a  greater 
redaction  would  be  judicious  at  this  time.-         <  ^ 

To  effect  the  proposed  object,  the  siirface  ^hoi^fl  be 
lowered  3  feet  at  the  head  of  Jack's  reeits ;  altove  l(fkicb 
place,  the  river  con^^istsof  long  de^p  pool^,  sepav;iite4 
by  a  few  bars  oi  dOuvial  <natter.  (^  t^ese  hmt  ^ 
^^rincipal  are.  at  the  Cool  of  the  Cayu^  |[<ake «  at  Martin's 
rapids  (2  miles  below),  and  at$iu&q|i|etQ;F9int,  whei^ 
the  descent  of  the  surface  at  a  medial  height  of  |he  nver, 
is  2  inches  and  20  chains . 

If  the  back  water  he  dmwn  oft  from  t^^  first  of  tbesft 
rapids,  it  is  evident  tha|  the  .current,  issuing  &o^a  great* 
er  head,  will  diminish  in  volume  over  we  bar  i^the 
velocity  increases,  and  that  the  depression  of  the  surface, 
will  extend  upwards  to  the  next  rapid ;  and  though  the 


TRAVELLER. 


7a 


into  lexecu- 
mhere  of  a 
yk.  In  thi^ 
iitd  pl&na  of 
[)er  to  pass 
I  {to  recently 
ly  case  fully 
i 


t  the' report 
Mr.  Thomas, 
ird  to  survey 
be  observed 
ichein(<e :  and 
tioti  between 
lalarg^tract 
[■>  ■  ■.. 

4  arabie,  by 
ij  feiet,  at  tbe 

of  4^e  rivers 
iofi^Bate|n- 
ber  a  greater 


(^(i'ect  will  successfully  decrease  as  it  extends,  only  mode- 
rate excavations  at  those  bars,  will  be  required  to  obtain 
the  proposed  reduction  at  the  Cayuga  Lake. 

At  Jack's  reefs  the  river  is  160  yards  wide,  and  descends 
T)  feetui  137  chains.  The  upper  bar,  about  80  rods  in 
len^h,  consists  chiefly  of  gravel  and  rounded  stones,  over 
which  the  water  falls  18  inches,  into  a  pool  from  5  to  7 
feet  deep,  of  nearly  the  same  extent.  Near  the  lower 
end  of  this  pool,  the  soft  whitish  limestone,  which  forms 
the  bed  of  the  river  downwards  for  2  miles,  f^rst  appears ; 
and  may  be  easily  excavated  without  blasting. 

To  discharge  the  river  through  these  obstructions,  it  is 
proposed  to  excavate  a  channel  30  yards  wide,  commenc- 
ing where  the  surface  is  6  feet  lower  than  it  is  at  the  head 
of  the  rapids,  and  operating  upwards  on  a  horizontal  bot- 
tom. The  estimate  for  this  wcrk,  deluding  the  bars 
up  the  river  is  $125,000, 

This  estimate  has  not  been  mi^de  without  much  de- 
liberation. In  addition  to  the  expense  of  constructing 
coffer  dams,  arises  the  difficulty  of  disposing  of  the  stuff 
to  be  excavated ;  for  no  part  ought  to  be  left  on  the  pre- 
sent bed  of  the  river,  to  obstruct  the  dis^'ht^rge  of  floods, 
or  to  embb. .ass  any  future  attempts  to  enlarge  the  chan- 
nel. A  great  part  of  this  work  must  be  done  opposite  to 
high  banks,  and  the  distance  to  deep  water,  into  which 
it  might  be  dropped,  is  very  considerable. 

At  the  4th  locM:  it  is  proposed  to  assume  a  new  level, 
and  extend  an  independent  canal  from  the  guard  gates 
down  the  shore  of  the  outlet,  2  miles  29  chains,  to  De- 
monf  s  bridge :  a  id  thence  either  northwardly  4  miles  to 
the  Erie  canal,  at  Brockway*s  point,  or  eastwardly  1  mile 
I  and  20  chains,  across  the  swamp  to  the  Seneca  riyer,  pass 
[it  on  a  wooden  aqueduct,  28  rods  long,  near  the  lower 
Cayuga  bridge,  and  thence  5  miles  to  Montezuma.  To' 
the  reasons  aifc.'eady  given  in  favour  of  a  canal,  it  is  proper 
to  add,  that  the  channel  of  the  Seneca  river  is  too  irr^^- 
liar  for  the  construction  of  a  tow-path  on  its  side,  at  any 
{moderate  expense. 

The  eastern  route  would  afford  the  most  convenient 
|»avigation,  as  boats  might  pass  without  the  xn*erruptioa 
G 


T4 


THE  NORTHERN 


of  a  lock  fVom  1  mile  east  of  Montezuma  to  Seneca  falls ; 
and  the  Seneca  outlet  would  be  an  ample  feeder.  To 
facilitate  tho  communication  with  the  Cayuga  lake,  it  is 
proposed  to  continue  a  side  cut  1  mile  and  68  chains,  to 
£a8t  Cayuga,  where  a  lock  of  10  feet  lift  would  be  pro- 
per. Unless  the  surface  of  the  Seneca  river  be  lowered, 
liowever,  there  would  be  scarcely  sufficient  water  \ca\i 
under  the  aqueduct. 

The  nothem  route  is  calculated  on  a  level  2  feet  8  inch- 
es lower,  and  would  also  be  fed  from  the  Seneca  outlet. 
At  Demont's,  a  lock  of  7  feet  lift,  and  a  tow-path  down 
the  outlet,  would  be  necessary  to  extend  the  navigation 
to  the  Cayuga  lake,  and  the  bar  at  the  mouth  of  the  out- 
let must  be  removed.  On  the  south  bank  of  the  Canan- 
daigua  outlet,  near  Brockway's  Point,  a  lock  of  8  feet 
lift  will  be  required,  and  another  of  4  feet  lift  on  the  north 
bank,  to  unite  with  the  Erie  canal ;  for  the  want  of  wafer 
way  precludes  the  plan  of  a  wooden  aqueduct.  The  lift? 
ofall  those  locks  are  increased,  on  account  of  draining  the 
Cayuga  marshes ;  and  the  calculations  have  been  made 
with  a  view  to  the  unfavourable  sites  for  the  foundations. 
The  estimates  for  the  Eastern  Route  are  $71,125 

Those  for  the  Nothem,  44,185 

The  whole  estimate  from  the  canal  at  Seneca  lake  to 
Brockway's  Point,  (being  the  least  expensive  route,)  is 
|i89,948. 

In  relation  to  the  marshes  near  the  Seneca  lake.  To 
reclaim  these  tracts,  it  will  be  necessary  to  lower  the 
surface  of  the  lake  3  feet.  The  advantage  would  be  si- 
milar to  that  of  draining  the  Cayuga  marshes — a  district 
redeemed  from  desolation.  The  canal  derives  its  value 
from  the  commerce  that  floats  on  its  waters ;  and  every 
addition  to  the  surplus  products  of  the  land,  whether  ob- 
tained by  reclaiming  marshes,  and  expelling  the  voracioas 
birds  that  prey  on  the  harvest,  or  by  restoring  health  to 
the  farmer,  will  encrease  the  revenue. 

But  it  is  to  be  regretted,  that  so  important  a  work  has 
been  delayed  until  mill  seat?  have  been  improved,  aod 
docks  and  wharves  constructed  for  tho.  presrtit  level  of  the 
lake,  and  the  damages  that  would  ensue  to  these  proprir- 
tor?,  may  probably  bp  a  subject  of  future  enquiry'. 


TUAVELLKIl 


76 


I 


AUIiUllX, 

is  aiiutht'i'  beautiful  village,  and  merits  the  name  it  ha^ 
borrowed  from  Goldsmith's  charming  poetry.  It  is  un- 
fortunately placed  at  some  distance  'rem  Owasco  Lake, 
and  therefore  is  deprived  of  the  picturesque  character 
which  it  might  have  enjoyed.  There  are  several  hand- 
.some  public  buildings  in  this  place,  but  the  most  impor- 
runt  is  tb . 

State  Prison. 

This  \{istitution  having  been  for  two  or  three  years 
managed  by  Mr.  Lynds,  on  a  system  in  some  respects, 
it  is  thought,  new,  and  with  remarkable  success,  merits 
particular  notice.  The  following  statements  are  ex- 
tracted from  the  Report  made  to  the  Legislature  in  Feb- 
ruary, 1826,  and  furnish  a  comparative  view  of  the  pris* 
ons  at  Auburn  and  New- York  city. 

"  The  Auburn  prison  was  built  in  1817,  and  cost  pro- 
bably $300,000 ;  it  Is  constructed  upon  the  plan  of  a  nol- 
low  square,  enclosed  by  a  wall  of  2000  feet  in  extent, 
being  600  feet  on  each  side,  and,  for  the  most  part,  36 
feet  in  height.  The  north  wing  of  the  building  differs 
very  much  in  its  construction  from  any  building  of  the 
kind,  and  the  use  of  which  is  conceived  to  be  one  of  the 
greatest  improvements  in  prisons,  and  one  of  the  best 
aids  to  prison  discipline,  which  has  been  any  where 
made.  The  workshops  are  built  against  the  inside  of 
the  outer  wall,  fronting  towards  the  yard,  from  which 
every  shop  is  visible,  forming  a  continued  range  of  940 
feet.  With  such  alterations  as  it  may  undergo,  it  can  be 
made  to  hold  1 100  convicts. 

''  The  prison  at  New-York  was  begun  in  1796,  and  is 
believed  to  have  cost  $300,000.  '  The  whole  of  this 
edifice,  (say  the  committee,)  is  illy  adapted  to  the  pur- 
poses intended ;  and  unless  the  state  will  authorize  an 
alteration  of  the  interior,  or  will  erect  another  upon  a 
more  improved  plan,  we  may  look  in  vain  for  the  re- 
sults so  anxiously  anticipated  by  the  friends  of  the  peni- 
tentiary system.' 

''The  expenditures  at  the  Auburn  prison  ftre  pro- 


lyl 


Td 


THE  NORTHERN 

Y 


tiounced  to  have  been  neither  wasteful  nor  improper. 
The  number  of  convicts  in  1828,  was  900 ;  the  gross  ex> 
^tense  of  the  prison  $20,689,  the  earnings  of  the  prison- 

4 19,807,  net  expense  to  the  public  1 10,781,  and  net 
•expense  for  each  convict  during  the  year  134  78.  The 
gross  expense  of  the  prison  at  New- York  for  the  year, 
was  |55,793,  the  earnings  of  the  prisoners  |33,316,  the 
number  of  convicts  608,  the-  gross  cost  for  each  |91  67, 
and  the  net  cost  |22  67.  The  Bnances  of  this  prison,  ami 
indeed  of  both,  are  in  a  progressive  state  of  improvement. 

Of  the  govemmenti  rule*  and  discipline  of  the  two  pri- 
sons, and  the  comparative  ejfieacy  of  the  respective  wystems 
adopted  in  each, — In  all  these  respects,  a  decided  prefer- 
ence is  given  to  the  prison  at  Auburn ;  indeed  from  the 
minute  description  given,  a  better  governed  institution 
can  scarcely  be.  ^  The  correct  discipline  observed  in  this 
prison  (say  the  committee,)  only  requires  to  be  seen,  to 
be  duly  appreciated.  The  conduct  of  th<$  pridoners  while 
at  their  labour,  and  their  quietness  under  the  privations  of 
the  prison,  prove,  that  the  discipline  is  complete  and  effec- 
tive ;  and  the  main  cause  of  the  order  and  decorum  thus 
observed,  is,  that  in  all  matters  of  dicipline,  there  is  but 
one  head  or  principal.  The  inspectors  of  this  prison, 
have  resigned  to  the  principal  keeper,  Mr.  Lynds,  the 
discretionary  power  of  directing  and  controlisg  the  dis- 
cipline and  punishment  of  the  convicts,  and  the  conduct, 
deportment  and  duty  of  the  assistaat-keeperv.  This 
measure  of  the  inspectors  is  both  wise  and  judidoust  and 
has  produced  throughout  the  estublisbaiient  the  most  hap- 
py results ;  and  the  gentleman  in  whom  this  confidence 
is  placed,  is  in  every  respect  worthy  of  it;  forheisaman 
eminently  qxi^ified  for  the  station  he  occupies ;  possesses 
more  tlian  common  talents  and  firmness  as  a  disciplina- 
rian; appears  to  devote  his  whole  mind  to  the  duties  of 
his  office,  and  has  a  taste  for  order,  neatness  and  regular- 
i  ty,  seldom  sur^^assed.''  The  errors  and  evils  of  the  Ne^w- 
York  prison  are  mentioned  with  such  qualifying  and  mit- 
i^ting  circumstances,  as  exist  in  the  fact  that  it  was  one 
of  the  first  establishments  of  the  kind  in  America ;  that  it 
was  an  experiment,  attempted  when  the  principles  for  thf 
government  of  such  an  institution,  and  the  proper  mode 


TRAVELLER. 


4  i 


«jf  couairuction^  were  unknown,  and  when  the  state  of  the 
public  opinion  was  unfavourable  to  discipline  or  to  judi- 
cious punishment.  The  committee  conclude,  with  u 
series  of  illustrative  examples  of  the  evils  in  the  manage- 
ment  of  the  prison,  the  paramount  one  of  which  is  the 
utter  want  of  vigourous  and  effective  discipline,  and 
the  others  of  which  are,  that  the  restraint  and  labour  arc 
too  little,  that  the  order  is  imperfect,  and  that  the  indul- 
gences which  are  obtained  for  the  prisoners,  with  and 
without  permission,  are  often  utterly  subversive  of  dis- 
cipline, and  inconsistent  with  a  state  of  punishment. 

Minute  observations  on  the  comparative  labour  of  a 
free  person  and  a  convict  show  that  the  latter  does  not 
accomplish  as  much  in  a  day  as  the  former ;  and  that  the 
New- York  prison,  with  no  better  employment  than  is 
now  provided,  cannot  pay  much  more  than  one  half  of 
the  cost  of  its  support.  In  the  year  1823,  the  balance 
against  the  New  York  prison  was  |18,633 ;  and  that 
against  the  Auburn  prison  f  10,780.  The  committee  state 
that  the  kind  of  work  proper  for  a  state  prison  should 
unite  the  following  properties :  That  the  demand  should 
be  great,  the  material  cheap,  the  trade  easily  learned, 
a  business  which  cannot  be  so  conducted  by  machinery 
as  to  reduce  the  wages  too  low,  and  a  trade  in  which 
hard  work  can  be  enforced  and  made  the  more  profitable. 
As  a  trade  which  fulfils  these  conditions  the  committee 
recommend  in  relation  to  the  New-York  prison,  the  cut- 
ting of  stone  for  building ;  and  they  present  a  series  of 
calculations  in  support  of  the  position. — ^Under  the  gene- 
ral head  of  economy,  they  also  recommend  in  this  prison, 
savings  in  the  annual  expenditure,  to  the  amount  of 
|6004,  and  an  increase  as  regards  the  Auburn  prison  of 
$623. 

The  pardoning  power  ought  to  be  exercised  with  great 
caution  by  the  executive ;  for  perhaps  no  circumstance 
has  so  much  contributed  to  do  away  the  terrors  of  pun- 
ishment as  the  facilities  afibrded  the  worst  part  oi  our 
species  in  obtaining  a  pardon.  Many  of  these  persons  are 
induced  to  continue  their  evil  courses,  from  a  calcula- 
tion of  the  chances  in  their  favour.—*^  If  this  system 
must  continue  to  operate,  to  the  extent  demonstrated  by 
G2      . 


h 


n 


n 


THE  NORTHERN 


theforegjing;  tables,  the  reformation  of  ofi^odere,  or  the 
reduction  of  crimes,  may  in  vain  be  expected ;  for  the 
worst  and  most  artful  villains  are  generally  most  success- 
ful  in  imposition,  and  who,  through  the  pecuniary  means 
at  their  command,  procured,  perhaps,  by  their  felonies, 
are  enabled  to  draw  to  their  interest,  such  as  are  ready 
on  all  occasions  to  exert  their  talents,  ins^nuity  and  in. 
fluence,  in  favour  of  obtaining  their  pardon." 

The  committee  express  their  unanimous  and  decided 
opiniGU,  after  a  full  exhibition  of  the  advantages  and 
disadvantages  of  such  a  course,  that  a  new  state-prison 
should  be  built,  in  some  situation  where  an  abundant 
supply  of  stone  proper  to  be  wrought,  may  be  had,  and 
on  navigable  water  affording  an  easy  water  cMumu- 
uication  with  the  city  of  New- York."  I'he  entire  ex- 
pense of  building  a  prison  of  800  cells,  upon  a  marble 
quarry,  on  the  plan  of  the  Auburn  prison,  is  estimated  at 
$62,571  20.  The  indispensable  alterations  to  the  old 
prison  are  e5timated  at  $40,000 ;  the  old  prison,  without 
alterations,  it  is  presumed  would  sell  for  (^45^000;  which 
will  leave  a  saving  to  the  state,  (aside  from  purchasing  a 
new  site  ar^d  transporting  the  convicts,)  between  the  al- 
teration of  the  old  jH'ison  &nd  what  it  may  sell  fcH*,  and 
the  building  of  a  new  prison,  of  |22,429  80. 

Tke  proposed  alteraiiont  of  the  laws  respecting  the 
siate^prisons, — An  act  ibr  that  purpose. 

Ancient  Fortifications,  There  are  some  remains  of 
ancient  fortifications  in  the  vicinity  of  this  place,  as  well 
as  in  the  neighbouring  towns  of  Camillus,  Onondaga  and 
Pompey. 

If  the  traveller  should  wish  to  take  the  canal,  a  stagi 
coach  goes  every  day  to  Weed- a  Basin,  8  miles  and  car- 
ries passengers  for  50  cents,  to  meet  the  canal  bcatf, 
which  pass  at  stated  periods. 


Alba 

theli 

Geddes 

Syracui 


FROM  AUBURN  TO  SYRACUSE, 

By  the  CanaU  34  miles. 
(Stage  coach  to  Weed^s  Basin,) 
Jortion  Village,  in  Camillus  township, 
Cftntor^.  ^half-wav  village  between  Buffalo  rnd 


8  m. 
6 


■r 


TRAVELLER. 

Albany,  179  m.  from  the  former  and  183  from 
the  latter,)  6 

Geddes  Village,  (with  salt-work?,)  12 

Syracuse,  2 


gkaneateles, 
MarcelluB, 


By  the  Road^  28  miles. 

8  m.  I  Onondaga, 
6       I  Syracuse, 


10  m. 
4 


Stracitse.  For  a  description  of  this  place,  as  Well 
as  ofSalinOy  the  Sail  Spring^imd  Salt  Manufactories^  see 
page  34. 

Although  the  routes  east  of  Syracuse,  both  by  the  Ca- 
nal and  by  the  road,  are  given  in  other  places,  and 
although  they  may  be  traced  pn  the  maps^  it  may 
l)erhaps  be  convenient  to  have  them  repeated  in  tlie 
reversed  order,  for  travellers  going  towards  Albany. 


ace,  as  well 


FROM  SYRACUSE  TO  UTICA. 

By  the  Canals  60  miles. 

Manlius  Landing,  9  m. 

Chitteningo  Creek,  8 

(A  curious  petrified  tree  lies  near  tliis  place  a  few 

steps  from  the  canal,  which  was  found  with 

many  of  its  branches^ 
Canastota  Village  and  Basin, 
Oneida  Creek, 
Wood  Creek, 

Rome,  s  3 

Oriskany  Village,  ti 

Whitesborougb,  3 

Utica,  4 


Derne, 
Manlius, 
Sullivan, 
Oneida  Creek, 
Vernon, 


By  the  Road,  48  milei! 


8 
5 

c*- 
O 


1 


3 
3 
9 

11 


[% 


80 


THE  NORTHERN 


Westmoreland, 
New  Hartford, 
Utica, 


7 

4 


For  Utica,  see  page  31,  for  Trenton  Falls,  and  for 
Hamilton  College,  do. 

Projected  Canal. — A  plan  has  been  recently 
formed  for  the  construction  of  a  canal  from  Utica  down 
the  Unadilla  river,  to  intersect  the  Susquehannah  at  some 
point  near  the  town  of  Bainbridge,  in  the  county  of  Che< 
nango. 

FROM  UTICA  TO  SCHENECTADY. 

By  the  Canals  79  1-2  miles. 

iiock.  No.  53,  (end  of  the  long  level,  which  begins 
westward  at  Salina,  and  extends  to  this  place, 
69^  miles  without  a  lock,)  9  m. 

Bridge  over  the  Mohawk,  and  Herkimer  village.    5 
Little  Falls,  8 

(This  place  is  worthy  to  detain  the  traveller  for  a 
day,  on  account  of  the  romantic  scenery  presented  by 
the  lofty  banks  of  the  river  in  its  passage  through  the 
Cattsberg  mountains.      T|ie  aqusduct  of  the  feeding^ 
canal  is  a  fine  piece  of  work ;  and  some  beautiful  crys- 
tals of  quartz  are  found  in  the  neighbourhood.) 
Fall  Hill,  a  mount^iin  on  the  right,  518  feet  timb- 
er than  the  canal,  712  above  high  water  in 
Hudson  river,  and  about  145  above  Lake  Erie,     1 
Old  Mohawk  Castle,  5 

Fort  Plain,  9  1-2 

Canajoharrie,  4 

(Stage  coach  hence  to  Cherry  Valley  Tuesday  and 
Friday.) 
Anthony's  Nose,  5 

(This  scene  is  represented  in  Plate  2nd,  from  this  side. 
The  lofty  bluff  on  the  right  is  Anthony's  Nose,  on  the  top 
of  which  a  remarkable  Cavern  opens,  extending  further 
down  than  it  has  ever  been  explored.  It  contains  several 
lar^e  chambers,  and  may  perhaps  penetrate  to  the  Icrel 


TRAVELLER. 


81 


of  the  canal.    In  the  plate  the  Mohawk  is  represented  as 

winding  through  the  meadows,  beyond  which  is  the  great 

road  to  Albany,  while  on  the  right,  next  to  the  towpath  of 

the  canal,  is  a  country  road  running  at  the  foot  of  the 

moantain.) 

Schoharie  Creek,  11 

(The  Ferry  established  across  the  Schoharie  creek 
here,  is  on  a  very  ingenious  plan,  and  well  worthy  of 
notice.  A  fine  dam  built  a  little  below  keeps  the  water 
always  at  the  same  level;  and  a  wheel  tamed  by  a 
horse  in  a  building  on  the  eastern  bank,  moves  a  rope 
which  is  stretched  double  across,  and  to  which  the  tow 
rope  of  the  boat  is  fastened.  The  horses  are  transported 
in  a  ferry  boat.) 

Amsterdam  village,  (across  the  river,)  5 

Hint  Hill,  6 

Rotterdam  Flats,  ^ 

Schenectady,  3 

Road  to  Albany,  15^  miles.    Numerous  coaches  go 

everyday. 

# 

RoAO  TO  Ballstoit  aud  Saratoga.  Both  these 
roads  tiffer  the  shortest  and  most  expeditious  communis 
cation  with  the  places  to  which  they  conduct,  and  if  the 
traveller  should  be  in  pressing  haste  he  should  avaU 
himself  of  them. 

To  travellers  of  leisure  and  taste,  however,  the  canal 
boats  are  recommended  to  the  Mohawk  bridge,  although 
they  are  liable  to  many  delays  at  the  numerous  locks 
along  this  difficult  but  interesting  part  of  the  canal. 

FROM  SCHENECTADY  TO  ALBANY. 

By  the  Canals  28  ^  miles. 

Alexander's  Bridge,  (on  the  turnpike  road  to  Al- 
bany and  Ballston,)  4i  m. 

Upper  Aqueduct,  '^on  which  the  canal  crosses  the 
Mohawk,)  i 

The  Young  Engineer^  a  rock  on  the  right,  so  cal- 


82 


THE  NORTHERN 


o 


i 


led,  where  the  cuttmg;  is  the  deepest  on  tlie 
whole  route,  32  feet  deep,  4 

WatHoixGap,  6  1-2 

(A  natural  channel  through  which  the  canal  is  led  more 
than  200  yards.     The  rocks  are  Grawacke  slate.     In  the 
river  is  the  Wat  Hoix  Rapid,  which  the  Indians  called 
the  Evil  Spirit,  and  sometimes  the  White  Horse. 
Lower  Aqueduct,  1188  feet  long,  on  which  the  ca- 
nal crosses  the  Mohawk  again,  on  24  stone 
abutments  and  piers. 
The  four  Locks,  8  feet  each, 
Cohoes  Falls,  78  feet  high, 
The  two  Locks,  9  feet  each, 
The  three  Locks,  and  the  Cohoes  Bridge  over  the 
Mohawk,  i^ 

(Hence  to  Waterford,  on  the  road  to  Ballston,  Sarato- 
ga, &c.  is  about  a  mile  and  a  half,  where  stage  coaches 
are  continually  passing  in  the  visiting  season.  By  leav- 
ing the  boat  here,  or  a  li'tle  below,  where  the  canal 
meets  the  road,  a  seat  may  frequently  be  found  in  a  pass- 
ing coach,  to  Waterford  or  the  Springs ;  or,  some  may  pre- 
fer to  take  a  boat  on  the  Northern  Canal,  which  is  close 
at  hand.  We  shsAl  take  up  the  land  route  after  giving 
the  few  remaining  objects  on  the  way  to  Albary,  and  re- 
ferring the  reader  to  page  19  for  a  description  of  that 
city.) 
The  Junction,  where  the  Northern  Canal,  from 

Lake  Champlain,  meets  the  Erie  Canal,  1-2 

West  Troy,  1 

(Here  is  a  cluster  of  buildings  about  tlie  basins  wherfl 
the  Troy  boats  lie.  The  dam  across  the  Mohawk  will 
afford  an  easy  communication  between  the  canal  and 
Troy,  which  is  seen  on  the  opposite  side.  A  good  horse- 
ferry-boat  plies  below.) 

United  States'  Arsenal,  1 

The  Manor  House  of  Gen.  Van  Rensselaer,  called 

Rensselaer- Wyck,  5 

Albany,  X 


TRAVELLER. 


8S 


ROAD  TO  THE  BATTLE  GROUND  AND  THE 

SPRINGS. 

WATERFpRD. 

This  village  is  situated  on  the  west  side  of  the  Hud.son, 
across  which  the  communication  is  convenient  by  means 
t)f  the  first  bridge  we  have  seen  over,  this  river.  Jian- 
singburgh  stands  opposite,  and  is  h  place  of  consider- 
able size,  but  wearing  an  aspect  of  gradual  decay. 
The  streets  of  Waterford  are  wide,  regular  and  hand- 
!*omeIy  built.  Some  of  the  private  houses  are  re- 
markable for  their  neatness.  During  the  warm  season 
of  the  year,  this  place  is  a  great  thorough-fare,  lying  on 
two  roads  to  Albany,  as  well  as  in  the  way  to  both 
Ballston  and  Saratoga  Springs,  Lake  George,  &c.  It  is 
21  1-2  miles  to  Ballston  Springs,  and  24  to  Saratoga. 

Borough,  8  1-2  miles.    This  is  a  little  village. 

Mechanicville,  1-4  mile.  Here  is  a  Cotton  Manu- 
factory and  a  Stage  house. 

Stillwater,  3  miles.  This  place  takes  its  name  from 
the  smoothness  and  quiet  of  the  Hudson,  which  here 
spreads  out  over  a  broad  surface,  and  hardly  shows  any 
anpearance  of  a  current. 

This  is  the  place  to  which  Gen.  Schuyler  retreated  at 
the  approach  of  Gen.  Burgoyne,  after  removing  all  the 
stores,  driving  away  the  cattle,  and  throwing  all  possible 
obstacles  in  his  way ;  and  through  this  place  Gen.  Gates 
who  soon  after  succeeded  him  in  the  command,  march- 
ed up  from  HalfmOon  to  take  position  on  Bemis's 
Heights.  As  we  are  thus  approacning  the  field  where 
their  two  great  armies  met  in  battle,  it  will  be  proper  to 
indulge  in  a  few  reflections  on  the  important  results  of 
that  contest,  and  to  give  a  brief  outline  of  the  events 
which  preceded  it. 

In  the  first  place,  however,  the  reader  is  referred 
to  the  maps,  to  observe  the  importance  of  the  tract 
of  country  which  lies  along  the  route  we  have  just 
entered  upon.  From  Canada  to  the  head  of  Lake  Cham- 
plain  there  is  an  uninterrupted  water  communication, 
by  which  troops  and  every  thing  necessary  to  an  army 
may  be  transported  with  the  utmost  facility.  A  short 
Rnd  oarrifige    reaches    Lake  George.      Wood   Creek 


84 


THE  NORTHERN 


^^1           S^^H 

1 

IH 

1  1 

il 

1  1 

i 

1   a 

11 

H  i  ^ 

1 

1 

!i 

1 

III 

! 

Irl 

1 

11 

1 

11 

1 

1' 

i 

It 

1 

H&     ^            Ljim 

nl : 

at  the  South  end  of  the  former,  is  navigable  in  boats  t« 
Fort  Anne,  which  is  only  9  m.  distant  from  Fort  Edward 
on  Hudson  river,  whence  the  navigation  is  open  to  Nev 
York.  Here  have  consequently  l^en  the  scenes  of  Uii 
most  important  military  operations  which  have  ever  been 
carried  on  in  the  United  States.  The  first  battle  withia 
this  renon,  of  which  history  gives  any  account,  wa^ 
fought  between  the  French  and  the  Five  Nations  of  In- 
dians soon  after  the  settlement  of  Canada,  when  the  lat- 
ter first  learnt  the  terrible  effect  of  gun-powder,  and  be- 
gan to  flee  from  the  approach  of  civilization.  In  the 
numerous  expeditions  which  at  subsequent  periods  were 
undertaken  by  the  British  a/j;ainst  Canada,  this  route 
vas  taken  in  the  attack,  and  not  unfrequently  in  the  re- 
treat. The  important  events  of  the  war  of  1755,  were 
almost  confinea  to  this  region,  and  the  revolution,  and 
the  last  war  with  England  produced  scenes  which  will 
be  touched  upon  in  their  places. 

The  first  period  to  which  we  shall  refer,  is  that  of  the 
Revolution;  and  the  first  scene  that  of  the  battle  of 
Saratoga,  or  Bemb's  Heights,  towards  which  we  are 
fast  approaching. 

**  I  could  here"  says  Dr.  Dwight,  ^'aliiiost  forget  that 
Arnold  became  a  traitor  to  his  country,  and  satisfy  my- 
self with  recollecting,  that  to  his  invmcible  gallantly, 
and  that  of  the  \  rave  officers  and  soldiers  whom  he  led, 
my  country  was,  under  God,  indebted  in  a  prime  de- 
gree for  her  independence,  and  all  its  consequent  bless- 
ings. I  should  think  that  American,  peculiarly  an  in- 
hsibitant  c  f  New-England  or  New-York,  little  to  be  en- 
vied, whose  patriotism  did  not  gain  force  upon  the 
heights  of  Stillwater,  or  the  plains  of  Saratoga.  These 
scenes  I  have  examined ;  the  fonner  with  solemnity  and 
'  awe,  the  latter  with  ardour  and  admiration,  and  both 
with  enthusiasm  and  rapture.  Here  I  have  remember- 
ed ;  and  here  it  was  impossible  not  to  remember,  that 
on  this  very  spot  a  controversy  was  decided,  upon  which 
hung  the  liberty  and  happiness  of  a  nation  destined  one 
day  to  fill  a  continent ;  and.  of  its  descendants,  who  will 
probably  hereafter  outnumber  the  inhabitants  of  Eu- 
rope" 


# 


a,  this  route 


TRAVELLER. 
fiURGOYf^E'S  EXPEDITION. 


S& 


I 


<^n.  Bar^yne  wpj  appointed  Governor  of  GaUada 
ID  1777,  to  succeed  Sir  Guv  Carlton.  He  arrived  at 
Out  bee  in  May,  and  reached  Crown  foint  Jtme  20tfa. 
Gen.  Phillips  was  sent  to  Tico  deroga  with  th<?  British 
rightwinc  t  and  t(  e  outposts  and  the  fort  were  suncessive- 
\y  ebanooned  by  the  Americans.  The  news  of  the 
evacuation  df  this  place,  was  a  most  disheartening  piec* 
of  intelligence  to  the  cour^try  It  had  b<  en  eonndenti^ 
boped  that  an  «;ffectual  resistarce  would  there  be  made 
to  a  fcr«^e  which  threat'  ned  the  liberty  of  America ;  or 
at  an  events,  tha  a  heroic  stand  would  be  made  at  that 
important  post,  which  had  so  long  been  regarded  as  an 
almost  impregnable  fortress. 

The  real    strength  and   importance  of  Ticondero- 
provcs  however  to   hnve  been  fatally  overrated. 

1th  an  oversight  which  seems  truly  astonishing  at  th6 
present  day,  the  neighbouring  mountains  bad  been  left 
entirely  unoccupied,  altliough  thev  rise  at  so  short  a 
distance  as  compleiely  to  command  the  fort.  General 
Phillips  was  too  skiliml  a  soldier  to  overlook  the  advan* 
tages  of  the  country  ;  and  tl  ^  rising  sun  of  August  16th 
showed  his  cannon  on  the  summit  of  Mount  DelBance, 
ready  to  open  their  fire  on  the  fortress  below.  Gen.  St. 
Clair  saw  that  aU  hope  of  maintaining-  his  {position  wax 
entirely  lost,  and  immediately  commenced  his  retreat/ 
pursued  at  no  great  distance  by  Gen.  Burgoyne.  The 
news  of  St.  Claires  retreat  spread  consternation  through^ 
out  the  country.  A  powerful  army  containing  6(S)0 
regular  troops,  and  a  large  body  of  Canadian  militia  and 
Indians,  had  now  passed  the  boundary  of  the  countrj^, 
and  having  got  this  important  pass  into  their  possession^ 
found  the  way  opeii  before  them  to  Hud  on  river,  and 
the  force  which  had  been  collected  to  oppose  their  pro- 
gress, all  scattered  and  flying  before  them. 

The  r.  ar  under  Col.  Warner  was  overtaken  by  Gen. 
Fr&zer,  and  after  an  action  forced  to  fly.  Gen.  Bur- 
goyne pursued  by  water,  and  sent  Lieut.  Col.  Hill  oo* 
war't,  who  met  Col.  Long  at  Battle  Hill,  and  after  suf- 
fering much  in  an  engagement  of  two  hours,  was  rein* 
forced  by  some  Indians,  who  came  up  in  time  to  save 
H 


H    i 


€ 


r 


r 


9 


dG 


THE  NORTHERN. 


him,  and  to  induce  the  Americans  to  retreat.  At  Hub> 
bardton  the  latter  suffered  .severely,  and  lost  their  stores 
at  Skeenesboi  augh,  where  Burgoyne  stopped  to  make 
arrangeneuits  for  future  operations.  During  his  delay, 
Gen.  Sfihuyler  obstructed  the  chann^i  of  Wood  Creek[ 
removed  every  thing  valuable  from  the  country,  and 
Cook  the  stores  from  Fort  George  to  Fort  Edward ;  send* 
ing  for  regular  troops,  and  calling  for  the  militia  of 
Uie  neighbouring  states,  both  which  were  supplied. 
Gen.  Arnold  and  Col.  Morgan  joined  him  with  a  body 
of  riflemen,  and  Gen.  Lincoln  wilh  the  New-England 
militia;  and  he  fell  back  to  Saratoga  a»;d  Stillwater. 

BATTLE  OF  BENNINGTON. 

While  these  preparations  were  making  for  a  general 
engagement,  the  battle  of  Bennington  occurred,  which 
must  now  be  introduced  to  preserve  the  order  of  time. 
Being  in  want  of  provisions,  Gen.  Burgoyne  had  des- 
patched Lt.  CoL  Baum  with  his  Hessians,  to  sieze  tiie 
public  stores  at  Bennington.  He  was  supported  by  Lt. 
Col.  Brechman,  who  stopped  at  Baten  Kill.  Brie.  Gen. 
Stark  with  the  New-Hampshire  troops,  joined  by  dol. 
Warner,  attacked  Col.  Baum  at  the  Wallomsack  river, 
where  they  were  encamped,  July  16th,  (1777,)  and  iu 
two  hours  lorced  their  works,  and  completely  defeated 
them.  Col.  Warner  began  thu  attack  on  Col.  Brechman, 
wounded  him  mortally,  and  took  him  prisoner,  and  put 
his  troops  to  flight. 

226  of  the  British  troops  were  killed  at  the  battle  of 
Bennington,  or  rather  the  battle  of  HoosaCf  as  it  was 
fought  in  that  town.  700  Soldiers  were  taken  prisoners 
and  36  officers. 

To  return  to  the  principal  scene  of  action.  Gen. 
Gates  now  received  the  command  of  ^he  American 
troops,  which  hiid  been  greatly  reinforced,  aad  marchine 
them  from  the  e  ist  side  of  Hudson  river,  opposite  Halt^ 
moon,  to  Still  wate/,  on  the  west  side,  took  a  position  on 
Bemis's  Heights,  the  scene  of  the  important  action  soon 
to  be  described. 


J&v 


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t^.MM' 


TRAVELLER. 
BEMIS'S  HEIGHTS. 


HI 


A  rii^ge  of  elevated  g^round,  beginning  on  the  left* 
tbout  a  quarter  of  a  mile  from  the  nver,  and  stretching 
off  towards  the  North  west,  oflfered  great  advantages 
for  the  defence  of  the  road. 

Gen.  Oates*  Camp 

Was  about  half  a  mile  from  the  road  on  the  left,  and 
his  quarters  were  in  a  house  which  is  yet  stand  ng,  al- 
though very  old.  A  bye  road  leads  to  the  place ;  and 
the  traveller,  if  he  is  able,  will  find  :  imself  repaid  by 
examining  the  old  entrenchments,  and  afterwards  pro- 
ceediLg  along  the  heights,  which  were  or4*,upied  by  the 
iaierican  troops.  He  may  send  his  carriage  on  to 
Smith's  tavern,  about  3  miles  on  the  main  road.  The 
space  between  the  river  und  the  brow  of  the  hill  was 
crossed  by  a  dcftp  entrenchment  defended  with  artillery 
and  almost  impracticable. 


THE  AMERICAN  LINES, 

3-4  of  a  miU  !ong,  were  furnished  with  abreast  work 
of  logs,  (the  hiL's  being  almost  entirely  a  forest,)  and 
the  left  was  on  a  hill  opposite  the  euemy's  right.  From 
the  left  almost  to  the  cf^ntre  the  ground  is  level,  and  was 
partly  cleared,  yet  much  encumbered  with  fallen  and 
girdled  trees.  An  opening  left  of  the  centre  had  a  bat- 
iery — thence  a  ravine  ran  to  the  right. 

The  Americans,  as  will  be  seen  on  a  view  of  the  ground, 
had  drawn  their  line  towards  the  river  in  such  a  inan- 
ner  as  to  present  the  form  of  an  Indian  dear  trap  ;  and 
their  armies  could  hardly  hope  to  escape  the  toils  with- 
out some  vigorous  exertion.  It  will  be  recollected  that 
the  expedition  under  Sir  Hem  y  Clinton,  who  proceed- 
ed up  Hudson  river  to  Kingston,  was  intended  to  co- 
operate with  Gen.  Burgoyne,  but  failed  to  produce  the 
effects  intended. 


I  I 


V 


4' 


"9 
ntiB  NORTHERN 

TH!&  BRITISH  LINES 


If*' 


stretched  from  a  hill  opposite  the  Amerloan  left,  in  s 
straight  line  across  the  plain  to  the  Hudson  river.  The 
following  account  of  their  approach  iixym  Lake  George  is 
from  Oen.  Wilkinson's  Memoirs. 

"(General  Burgoyne  crossed  the  Hudson  river  Uie 
18th  and  14th  of  September,  "  '  dvaaced  with  great 
circumspection  on  the  15th  fr  .  aratoga  to  Davocote, 
where  he  halted  to  repair  bridges  in  his  front.  The  lOth 
was  employed  OB  this  labour,  and  in  reconnoitering:  ob 
llie  17th  he  advanced  a  mile  or  two,  resum  d  his  mareh 
on  the  |81||,  and  General  Arnold  was  detached  by  Gea^ 
ral  G&ios,  with  1600  men,  to  harrass  him ;  but  after  • 
}iriit4ikirmi8hy  he  returned  without  loss  or  effecting  any 
wag  more  than  picking  up  a  few  stragglers :  and  thi 
enemy  moved  forward  and  encamped  in  two  lines,  about 
twe^miles  from  General  Gates ;  his  left  on  the  river,  and 
lib>fight  eitending  at  right  angles  to  it,  across  the  lew 
•grounds  about  six  hundred  yards,  to  a  raB|;e  of  steep 
and  lofty  heights  occupied  by  his  elite,  having  a  creel 
or  gttlley  in  his  front,  made  by  a  rivulet  which  issued 
from  a  great  ravine,  formed  by  the  hilis^which  ran  in  • 
direction  nearly  parallel  to  therivery  until  witbili>halfB 
mile  of  the  American  camp. 

Ths  Battli  Gaoujni. 

The  bettles  of  the  19th  of  September  and  7th  of  October 
were  fought  near  the  flaioe  spot,  and  after  a  view  of  the 
whole  field,  the  visitor  will  nnd  it  very  gritif>ing  to  pro* 
oeed  to  the  spot  by  following  the  American  line.  If 
this  is  not  convenient,  he  can  pursue  the  road  along  the 
liver,  up  nearly  to  Smith's  tavern,  which  stands  on  the 
road  two  or  three  miles  up.  The  British  right  and 
the  American  left,  as  was  before  remarked,  approached 
near  each  other  and  had  a  valley  between  them,  ui 
which  was  a  cleared  field,  called  Freeman's  Farm  su^ 
pounded  by  a  forest.  Having  reached  this  spot  the 
visitorwUloe  able  tocompre  end  in  the  most  satisfac* 
toiy^  manner,  the  description  of  the  battle  of  Sept.  19th, 
as  given  hj  Geo.  Wilkinson,  after  a  brief  introduction. 


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In  the 

WM  WUt 

ascend  t 

sent  Col. 

about  no 

was  gen 

dark.    T 

the  BriUs 

Wilkinsoi 

"Thw 

genenUi 

Lieutenai 

taken  pla 

takegrou 

to  give  hi 

embrace  < 

visions  an 

side  the  d( 

and  reinfi 

Gates'  poli 

the  advers 

fined  then 

beginning 

vre,  durin 

stinate  bat 

lieved  tha 

circumstan 

the  part  of 

of  the  int 

movement 

caution  ob 

every  assai 

army,  the 

five  hundr 

cover  ts  ri 

tors  of  the 

was  oblige 

the  enemy 

ing  on  the 

perly  appri 

H2 


0 
THAV£LLEK.  i^ 

Battle  of  Sept.  19th. 

In  the  morning  it  was  reported  by  Col.  Colbum,  who 
was  watchins  the  enemy,  that  they  were  beginning  to 
ascend  the  hul  towards  the  American  leit.  uen.  Gates 
sent  Col.  Morgan  to  oppose  them,  trnd  the  firing  began 
about  noon.  The  action  extended,  and  in  three  hours 
was  general,  and  continued  without  interruption  till 
dark.  The  American  troops  en^ged  amounted  to  3000, 
the  British  to  3600.  The  following  account  is  from  Gen. 
Wilkinson. 

"  This  battle  was  perfectly  accidental ;  neither  of  the 
generals  meditated  an  attack  at  the  time,  and  but  for 
Lieutenant  Colonel  Colbum's  report,  it  would  not  have 
taken  place ;  Burgoyne's  movement  being  merely  to 
take  ground  on  the  heights  in  front  of  the  great  ravine, 
to  give  his  several  corps  their  proper  places  in  linei  to 
embrace  our  front  and  cover  ois  transport,  stores,  pro- 
visions and  baggage,  in  the  rear  of  his  left ;  and  on  our 
side  the  defences  of  c  ur  camp  being  not  haljf  completed, 
and  reinforcements  daily  arriving,  it  was  not  General 
Gates'  policy  to  court  an  action.  The  misconception  of 
the  adverse  chiefs  put  them  on  the  defensive,  and  con- 
fined them  to  ihe  ground  they  casually  occupied  at  the 
beginning  of  the  action,  and  prevented  a  single  manoeu* 
vre,  during  one  of  the  longest,  warmest,  and  most  ob- 
stinate battles  fought  in  America.  General  Gates  be- 
lieved that  his  antagonist  intended  to  attack  him,  and 
circumstances  appeared  to  justify  the  like  conclusion  on 
the  part  of  Burgoyne ;  and  as  the  thickness  and  depth 
of  the  intervenine  wood  concealed  the  position  and 
movements  of  either  army  from  its  adversary,  sound 
caution  obliged  the  respective  commanders  to  guard 
every  assailable  point ;  thus  the  flower  of  the  British 
army,  the  grenaaiers  and  light  infantry,  one  thousand 
five  hundred  strong,  were  posted  on  an  eminence  to 
cover  ts  right,  and  stood  by  thir  arms,  inactive  specta- 
tors of  the  conflict,  until  near  sunset ;  while  Gen.  Gates 
was  obliged  to  keep  his  right  wing  on  post,  to  prevent 
the  enemy  from  forcing  that  flank,  by  the  plain  border- 
ing on  the  river.  Had  either  of  the  generals  been  pro* 
perly  apprised  of  the  dispositions  of  his  antagonist,  a  se> 


1  I 


f^ 


I5i'  a 


m 


^HE  NORTHERN 


nous  blow  migbt  have  been  struck  on  our  left  or  the 
enemy's  right;  but  although  nothing  is  more  common, 
His  as  illiberal  as  it  is  unjust,  to  determine  the  merits  of 
military  operations  by  events  exclusively.  It  was  not 
without  experience  that  the  Romans  erected  temp  es  to 
Fortune.  Later  times  might  afford  motives  for  edifices, 
in  which  eenius  or  wisdom  wou  ;d  have  no  votaries. 

**  The  theatre  of  action  was  such,  that  although  the 
combatants  changed  ground  a  dozen  times  in  the  course 
of  the  day,  the  contest  terminated  on  the  spot  where  it 
began.    This  may  be  explained  in  a  few  words.    The 
British  line  was  formed  on  an  eminence  in  a  thin  pine 
Wood,  having  before  it  Freeman's  farm,  an  oblong  field 
stretching  from  the  centre  towards  its  right,  the  ground 
in  front  sloping  gently  down  to  the  verg    of  this  field, 
which  was  bordered  on  the  opposite  side  by  a  close 
wood ;  the  sanguinary  scene  lay  in  the  cleared  grouud, 
between  the  eminence  occupied  by  the  enemy  and  the 
wood  just  described ;  the  fire  of  our  marksmen  from  this 
wood  was  too  deadly  to  be  withstood  by  the  enemy  in 
line,  and  when  they  ij:ave  way  and  broke,  our  men  rush- 
ing from  their  covert,  pursued  them  to  the  eminence, 
where,  having  their  flanks  protected^  they  rallied,  and 
charging  in  turn  drove  us  back  i  <to  the  wood,  from 
whence  a  dreadful  fire  would  again  force  them  to  fall 
back ;  and  in  this  manner  did  the  battle  fluctuate,  like 
waves  of  a  stormy  sea,  with  alternate  advantage  for  four 
hours,  without  one  moment's  intermission.    The  Britbh 
artillery  fell  into  our  possession  a^  every  charge,  but  we 
could  neither  turn  the  piec  s  upon  the  enemy,  nor  bring 
them  off;  the  wood  prevented  the  last,  and  the  want  of 
a  match  the  first,  as  the  linstock  was  invaria'  ly  carried 
off,  and  the  rapidity  of  the  transitions  did  not  allow  us 
time  to  provide  one.    The  slaughter  of  this  brigaie  of 
artillerists  was  remarki^ble,  the  captain  and  thirty-six 
men  being  killed  or  wounded  out  of  forty-eight.    It 
was  truly  a  gallant  conflict,  in  which  d  ath  by  familiarity- 
lost  his  terrors,  and  certainly  -^  drawn  battle,  as  night 
alone  terminated  it ;  the  British  army  keeping  its  ground 
in  rear  of  the  field  of  action,  and  our  corps,  when  they 
could  no  loo§^r  distinguish  objects,  retiring  to  their  own 
camp." 


TRAVELLER.  91 

ThS  I9TBRVAL  BETWEEN  THE  TWO  BATTLES. 

This  time,  from  Sept.  19th  till  Oct.  7th,  was  devoted 
to  strengthening  their  fortifications,  and  by  Gen.  Gates  to 
collecting  also  large  reinforcementi?  of  militia.  Gen.  Bur- 
M)yne  is^aid  to  have  planned  an  attack  on  the  20th  and 
21gi  of  September,  but  fortunately  delayed  until  *th« 
Americans  were  in  the  beat  situation  to  oppose  him. 
Attacks  on  the  British  pickets  took  place  almost  every 
nieht,  and  they  were  continually  harrassed. 

Battle  of  Octobir  11th. 

Gen.  Wilkinson  gives  the  following  description  of  this 
battle. 

*^  On  the  afternoon  of  October  7th,  the  advanced  guard 
of  the  centi-e  beat  to  arms ;  the  alarm  was  repeat 
throughout  the  line,  and  the  troops  repaired  to  th< 
alarm  posts.  I  was  at  head  quarters  when  this  happen 
ed,  and  with  the  approbation  of  the  General,  mounted 
my  horse  to  inquire  the  cause;  but  on  reaching  the 
g^ard  where  the  beat  commenced,  I  could  obtain  no 
other  satisfaction,  but  that  some  person  had  reported  the 
enemy  to  be  advancing  against  our  left.  I  proceeded 
over  open  ground,  and  ascending  a  gentle  acclivity  in 
front  of  the  guard,  I  perceived  about  half  a  mile  ^om 
the  line  of  our  encampment,  several  columns  of  the  ene- 
my, 60  or  70  rods  from  me,  entering  a  wheat  field  which 
had  not  been  cut,  and  was  separated  from  me  by  a  small 
rivulet ;  and  without  my  glass  I  could  distinctly  mark 
their  every  movement.  After  entering  the  field  they 
displayed,  formed  the  line,  and  set  down  in  double  ranks 
with  their  arms  between  their  legs.  Foragers  then  pro- 
ceeded to  cut  the  wheat  or  standing  straw,  and  I  soon' 
after  observed  several  officers,  mounted  on  the  top  qf  a 
cabin,  from  whence  with  their  glasses  they  were  endtBaV- 
curing  to  reconnoitre  our  left,  which  was  concealed  from 
their  view  by  intervening  woods. 

'*  Having  satisfied  myself,  afler  fifteen  minutes  atten- 
tive observation,  that  no  attack  was  meditated,  I  return- 
ed and  reported  to  the  General,  who  aslj^ed  me  what  ap- 


ll 


'I'll 


lr"'t 


92 


TrtE  northehn 


peared  to  be  the  intentions  of  the  enemy.  "  ITiey  are 
foraging  and  endeavouriag  to  reconnoitre  vour  left;  and 
I  think,  Sir,  they  offer  yoa  battle."  "What  is  the  nature 
of  the  ground,  and  what  your  opinion?"  Their  front  U 
open,  and  their  flanks  rest  on  the  woods,  under  cover  of 
which  they  may  be  attacked  ;  their  right  is  skirted  by  a 
lofty  height.  T  would  indulge  them."  "  Well  then  order 
on  Morgan  to  be^in  the  game."  I  waited  on  the  Colonel, 
whose  corps  was  formed  in  front  of  our  centre,  and  de- 
livered the  order ;  he  knew  the  ground  and  enquired  the 
position  of  the  enemy :  they  were  formed  across  a  new 
cultivated  field,  their  grenadiers  with  several  field  pieces 
on  the  left,  bordering  on  a  wood  and  a  small  ravine  form- 
ed by  the  rivulet  before  alluded  to  ;  their  light  infantry 
on  the  right,  covered  by  a  worm  fence  at  the  foot  of  the 
hill  before  mentioned,  thickly  covered  with  wood ;  their 

tre  composed  of  British  and  German  battalions.    Col; 

rgan,  with  his  usual  sagacity,  proposed  to  make  a  cir- 
it  with  his  corps  by  our  left,  and  under  cover  of  the 
wood  to  gain  the  height  on  the  right  of  the  enemy,  and 
from  thence  commence  his  attack,  so  soon  as  our  fire  should 
be  opened  against  their  left;  the  plan  was  the  best 
which  could  be  devised,  and  no  doubt  contributed  essen- 
tially to  the  prompt  and  decisive  victory  we  gained. 

•*  This  proposition  was  approved  by  the  General,  and 
it  was  concerted  that  time  should  be  allowed  the  Colonel 
to  make  the  proposed  circuit  and  gain  his  station  on  the 
enemy's  right  before  the  attack  should  be  made  on  their 
left ;  Poor's  brigade  was  ordered  for  his  service,  and  the 
attack  was  commenced  in  due  season  on  the  flank  and 
front  of  the  British  grenadiers,  by  the  New  Hampshire 
and  New  York  troops.  True  to  his  purpose,  Morgan  at 
this  critical  moment  poured  down  like  a  torrent  from  the 
hill,  and  attacked  the  right  of  the  enemy  in  front  and  flank. 
Doarbom  at  the  moment,  when  the  enemy's  light  infantry 
were  attempting  to  change  front,  pressed  forward  with 
ardour  and  delivered  a  close  fire  ;  then  leaped  the  fence, 
shouted,  charged  and  gallantly  forced  them  to  retire  ia 
disorder ;  yet  headed  by  that  intrepid  soldier  the  Earl  of 
Balcarrs^  they  were  immediately  rallied  and  re-formed 
behkd  a  fence  in  rear  of  their  first  position ;  but  beiu^ 


I 


h 


TRA'/ELLER .  9t 

now  attacked  with  great  audac  ity  in  front  and  flanks  by  su- 
perior numbers,  resistance  became  vain,  and  the  whole  line, 
commanded  by  Burgoyne  in  person,  gave  way  and  made  a 
jMrecipitate  and  disorderly  retreat  to  his  camp,  leaving  two 
12  and  six  six  pounders  on  the  field  with  the  loss  of  more 
Uian  400  officers  and  men  killed,  wounded  and  captured, 
and  among  them  the  flower  of  his  officers,  viz.  Brigadier 
General  Frazer,*  Major  Ackland  commanding  the  gre- 
nadiers, Sir  Francis  Clark,  his  first  aid-de-camp,  Mi^or 
Wilhams,  commanding  officer  of  the  artillery,  Capteia 
Money,  deputy  quarter-master-general,  and  many  others. 
After  delivering  the  order  to  General  Poor  and  directing^ 
him  to  the  point  of  attack,  I  was  peremptorily  command- 
ed to  repair  to  the  rear  and  order  up  Ten  Broeck's  brigade 
of  York  militia  3000  strong ;  I  performed  this  service, 
and  regained  the  field  of  battle  at  the  moment  the  enemy 
hadtbrned  their  back,  fifty  two  minutes  after  the  first 
shot  was  fired.  The  ground  which  had  been  occupied, 
by  the  British  grenadiers  presented  a  scene  of  complicate 
ed  horror  and  exultation.  In  the  square  space  of  twelve 
or  fifteen  yards  lay  eighteen  grenadiers  in  the  agonies  of 
death,  and  three  officers  propt  up  against  stumps  of  trees, 
two  of  them  mortally  wounded,  bleeding  and  almost 
speechless ;  what  a  spectacle  for  one  whose  bosom  glow- 
ed with  philanthrophy,  and  how  vehement  the  impulse, 
which  excites  men  of  sensibility  to  seek  such  scenes  of 
barbarism  ! 

I  found  the  courageous  Colonel  Cilley  a-straddle  on  a 
brass  twelve-pounder  and  exulting  in  the  capture— 
whilst  a  surgeon,  a  man  of  great  worth,  who  was  dressing 
one  of  the  officers,  raising  his  blood-besmeared  hands  in  a 
frenzy  of  patt^otism,  exclaimed,  Wilkinson,  I  have  dip- 
ped my  hands  in  British  blood.  He  received  a  sharp  re- 
buke for  his  brutality,  and  with  the  troops  I  pursued  the 
hard-pressed  flying  enemy,  passing  over  killed  and 
wounded  until  I  heard  one  exclaim,  "  protect  me  Sir, 
against  this  boy.''    Turning  my  eyes,  it  was  my  fortune 


■% 


•General  Frazer  was  shot  in  the  meadow  a  little  off"  the 
road,  just  souUi  of  the  Blacksmith's  shop.  The  spot  is 
ett  a  cross  road,  and  a  little  elevated. 


n 


THE  NORTHERN 


ii 


! 


to  arrest  the  purposie  of  a  lad  thirteen  or  fourteen  years 
old,  in  the  act  of  takings  aim  at  a  wounded  officer  who 
litcy  in  the  angle  of  a  worm  fence.  Inquiring  his  rank,  he 
answered,  ^I  had  the  honour  to  command  the  grena- 
diers ;"  of  course,  I  knew  him  to  be  Major  Ackland,  who 
had  been  brought  from  the  field  to  this  place,  on  the  back 
of  a  Captain  Shrimpton  of  his  own  corps,  under  a  haavy 
fire,  and  was  here  deposited,  to  save  the  lives  of  both.  I 
dispounted,  took  him  by  the  hand  and  expressed  hopes 
thai  he  was  not  badly  wounded  ;  ^^  not  badly,"  replied 
Mfeeallant  officer  and  accomplished  gentleman,^^butve- 
gl^  -^conveniently,  I  am  shot  through  both  legs ;  will 
you,  Sir,  h^ve  the  goodness  to  have  me  conveyed  to  your 
cam{)  ?"  I  directed  my  servant  to  alight,  and  we  lifted 
Ackland  into  his  seat,  and  ordered  him  to  be  conducted 
to  head  quarters.  I  then  proceeded  to  th^  scene  of  re- 
newed action,  which  embraced  Burgoyne's  right  flank 
defence,. and  extending  to  his  left,  crossed  a  hollow  co- 
vered with  wood,  about  40  rods  to  the  entrenchment  of 
the  light  infantry ;  the  roar  of  cannon  and  small  arms  at 
this  juncture  was  sublime,  between  the  enemy,  behind 
their  works,  and  our  troops  entirely  exposed,  or  partially 
sheltered  by  trees,  stumps,  or  hollows,  at  various  distan- 
ces, not  exceeding  120  yards.  This  right  flank  defence 
of  the  enemy,  occupied  by  the  German  corps  of  Erey- 
man,  consisted  of  a  breast-work  of  rails  piled  horizontal- 
ly between  perpendicular  pickets,  driven  into  the  earth, 
en  potence  to  the  rest  of  his  line,  and  extended  about  250 
yards  across  an  open  field,  and  was  coverd  on  the  right 
by  a  battery  of  two  guns.  The  interval  from  the  left  to 
the  British  light  infantry  was  committed  to  the  defence 
of  the  provincialists,  who  occupied  a  couple  of  log  cabins. 
The  Germans  were  encamped  immediately  behind  tlie 
rail  breast- work,  and  the  ground  in  front  of  it  declined  in 
a  very  g-^ntle  slope  for  about  120  yards,  when  it  sunk 
abruptly ;  our  troops  had  formed  a  line  under  this  de- 
clivity, and  covered  breast  high  were  warmJy  engaged 
with  the  Germans.  From  this  position,  about  sunset,  I 
perceived  Brigadier  General  Learned  advancing  towards 
the  enemy  with  his  brigade,  in  open  columjQ,  I  think  with 
Colonel  JM,  Jackson's  res^imeiit  in  front,  »s  I  saw  Lio 


TRAVELLER. 


d/i 


tenant  Colonel  Brooks,  who  commanded  it,  near  the 
General  when  I  r&Je  up  to  him  ;  on  saluting  this  brave 
eld  soldier,  he  inquik'ed,  where  cai;  I  put  in  with  most  ad- 
Tantage  ?"  I  had  particularly  examined  the  ground  be- 
tween the  left  of  the  Germans  and  the  light  infantry,  oc- 
cupied by  the  provincialists,  from  whence  I  had  observ- 
ed a  slack  fire;  I  therefore  recommended  to  General 
Learned  to  incline  to  his  right,  and  attack  at  that  ptint : 
he  did  so  with  great  gallantry;  the  provincial!sti| 
floned  their  position  and  fled  ;  the  German  flank 
this  means  uncovered ;  they  were  assaulted  vigor 
overturned  in  five  minutes,  and  retreated  in  disorder, 
leaving  their  gallant  commander,  Lieutenant-Colonel 
Breyman,  dead  on  the  field.  By  dislodging  this  corps, 
the  whole  British  encampment  was  laid  open  to  us ;  but 
the  extreme  darkness  of  the  night,  the  fatigue  of  the  men, 
and  the  disorder  incident  to  undisciplined  troops  after  go 
desultory  an  acti|Wi,  put  it  out  of  our  power  to*improve 
the  advantage ;  and  in  the  course  of  the  night  General 
Burgoyne  broke  up  his  camp,  and  retired  to  his  original 
position,  which  he  had  fortified,  behind  the  great  ravine. 

The  British  lost  in  killed,  wounded  and  prisoners, 
about  600;  the  Americans  319.  The  German  officers 
said  they  had  never  before  met  so  vigorous  and  terrible  a 
fire.  Several  American  officers  who  walked  over  the 
field  after  midnight,  found  no  enemy  to  interrupt  them. 

General  Frazer's  Grave, 

is  on  the  hill  a  little  west  of  Smith's.    At  his  own  re- 
quest, he  was  buried  in  the  great  redoubt. 

Oct.  8th,  frequent  attacks  were  made  on  Gen.  Balcarras^ 
eorps,  and  the  British  expected  a  general  action. 

GEI^ERAL  BURGOYNE'S  RETREAT 


»9 


(h.m 


1^ 


U  i 


%*; 


l.'f™ 

il 


K 


i . 


I .. 


Commenced  that  night  towards  Lake  George;  but  he 
was  pursued  and  intercepted  so  promptly,  that  he  was 
obliged  to  stop  and  take  a  position  at  Fishkill,  near 
"vvhich  he  surrendered  ten  davs  after  the  battle.    The 


THE  NORTHERN 


« 


i 

1)  ! 


place  will  be  particularly  noticed  on  the  ^'  Excursion  ta 
Samtoga  Lake. 

After  perusing  the  foregoing  descriptions  of  those  two 
most  iriportant  battles,  the  traveller  will  be  greatly  in* 
terested  in  learning  that  Smith's  inn  to  which  he  has  be* 
fore  been  directed,  was  at  that  period  the 

Quarters  of  Oen.  Burgotni. 

W^fi  house  now  stands  by  the  road  side,  but  the  place 
#here  it  then  was  is  a  spot  at  the  foot  of  the  hill  and  about 
200  yards  from  th';  river.  Several  ladies  of  distinction 
Were  its  inmates  at  the  tiMe  when  the  British  troops 
were  here,  being  the  wives  of  some  of  his  principal 
officers.  Among  these  were  the- Baroness  Reidesel, 
with  her  children,  wife  of  Gen.  Reidesel,  Lady  Harriet 
Ackland,  wife  of  Major  Ackland,  commander  of  Uie 
British  Grenadiers.  The  former  published  an  account 
of  what  she  saw  during  this  trying  and  dangerous  contest, 
after  her  return  to  Europe.  The  house  was  converted 
into  a  hospital  during  the  second  battle,  and  Gen.  Fraz- 
er  died  on  the  8th  of  October  in  what  is  now  the  bar- 
room. His  grave  is  on  the  **ill.  The  following  is  an  ex- 
tract from  the  interesting  narative  of  the  Bthronessc 

"  But  severe  trials  awaited  us,  and  on  the  7th  of  Oct. 
our  misfortunes  began  ;  ;  was  at  breakfast  with  my  hus- 
band, and  heard  that  something  was  intended.  On  the 
same  day  I  expected  Generals  Burgoyne,  Philips  and 
Frazer  to»  dine  with  us.  I  saw  a  great  movement  among 
the  troops ;  my  husband  told  me,  it  was  merely  a  recon- 
noissance,  which  give  me  no  concern  as  it  often  happen- 
ed. I  walked  out  of  the  house  and  met  several  Indians 
in  their  war  dresses,  with  guns  in  their  hands.  When  I 
asked  them  where  they  were  goiny  tltoy  cried  out  War! 
War  I  (meaning  they  were  goin^  to  battle.)  This  filled 
me  with  apprehension,  and  1  <cul^  eiy  got  home  before  I 
^eard  reports  of  cannon  and  musketry,  which  grew  loud- 
er by  degrees,  till  at  last  the  noise  became  excessive. 
About  4  o'clock  in  the  afternoon  instead  of  the  guests 
whom  I  expected.  General  Frazer  was  brought  on  a  litter 
mortally  wounded.  The  table  which  was  already  set, 
was  instantly  removed,  and  a  bed  placed  in  its  stead  for 


LIKE  TO  BL  ] 


TRAVELLER. 


»7 


(be  wounded  General.  I  sat  trembling  in  a  corner ;  the 
noise  grew  louder  and  the  alarm  increased ;  the  thought 
that  my  husband  might  perhaps  be  brought  in,  wounded 
in  the  same  way,  was  terrible  to  me,  and  distressed  me 
exceedingly.  General  Frazer  said  t^  the  surgeon,  **  tell 
me  if  my  wound  is  mortal^  do  not  fitter  me."  The  ball 
had  passed  through  his  body,  and  unhappily  for  the 
General,  he  had  eaten  a  very  hearty  breakfast,  by 
which  the  stomach  was  distended,  and  the  balljl  as 
the  surgeon  said,  had  passed  through  it.  I  heard  him 
often  exclaim  with  a  sigh  '*  Oh  fatal  ambition  !  Poor 
General  BuRGOTNE !  Oh  mt  poor  wife  !"  He  was  asked 
if  he  had  any  request  to  make,  to  which  he  replied,  that 
"  If  General  Burgotne    jitould  permit  it,  he  should 

LIKE  to  BL  buried  AT  6  C  CLOCK  IN  THE  EVENING  ON  THE 
TOP  OF  A  MOUNTAIN,  IN  A  REDOUBT  WHICH  HAD  BEEN  BUILT 

THERE.''  I  did  not  know  which  way  to  turn,  all  the 
other  rooms  were  full  of  sick.  Towards  evening  I  saw 
my  husband  coming,  then  I  forgot  all  my  sorrows  and 
thanked  God  that  he  was  spared  to  me.  He  ate  in  great 
haste  with  me  and  his  aid-de-camp  behind  the  house. 
We  had  been  told  that  we  had  the  advantage  of  the 
enemy,  but  the  sorrowful  faces  J  beheld  told  a  different 
tale,  and  before  my  husband  went  away  he  took  me  one 
side,  and  said  every  thing  was  going  very  bad,  that  I 
must  keep  myself  in  readiness  to  leave  the  place  but  not 
to  mention  it  to  any  one.  I  made  the  pretence  that  I 
would  move  the  next  morning  into  my  new  house,  and 
had  every  thing  packed  up  ready. 

"  Lady  H.  Ac'iland  had  a  tent  not  far  from  our  house, 
in  this  she  slept,  and  the  rest  of  the  day  she  was  in  the 
camp.  All  of  a  sudden  a  man  came  to  tell  her  that  her 
husband  was  mortally  woanded  and  taken  prisoner ;  on 
hearing  this  she  became  very  miserable,  we  comforted 
her  by  telling  her,  that  the  wound  was  only  slight,  and 
dt  the  same  time  advised  her  to  go  over  to  her  husband, 
to  do  which  she  would  certanly  obtain  permission, -and 
then  she  could  attend  nim  herself ;  she  was  a  charming 
woman  and  verv  fond  of  him.  I  spent  much  of  the 
night  in  comforting  her,  and  then  went  again  to  my  chil- 
dren whom  I  had  put  to  bed.  I  could  not  go  to  sleep,  as  I 
had  General  Frazer  and  all  the  other  wounded  gentlemen 
I 


d 


THE  NORTHERN 

« 


in  my  room,  and  I  was  sadl^  afraid  my  children  would 
awake  and  by  their  ciying  disturb  the  dying  man  in  his 
last  moments,  who  oiten  addressed  me  and  apologized 
*^for  the  trotible  he  gave  ms."    About  3  o'clock  in  the 
morning  I  was  told  he  could  not  hold  out  much  loneer  ; 
I  had  desired  to  be  informed  of  the  near  approach  of  this 
sad  crisis,  and  I  then  wrapped  up  my  children  in  their 
clothes,   and  went  with  them  into  the  room  below. 
Abftut  8  o'clock  in  the  mornine  he  died.    After  ha  was 
laid  out  and  his  corpse  wrappea  up  in  a  sheet,  we  came 
again  into  the  room,  and  had  this  sorrowful  sight  before 
us  the  whole  day,  and  to  add  to  this  melancholy  scene, 
almost  every  moment  some  officer  of  my  acquaintance 
was  brought  in  wounded.    The  cannonade  commenced 
again ;  a  retreat  was  spoken  of,  but  not  the  smallest  mo- 
tion was  made  towards  it.    About  4  o'clock  in  the  after- 
noon I  saw  the  house  which  had  just  been  built  for  me 
In  flames,  and  the  enemy  was  now  not  far  off.  We  knew 
that  General  Burgoyne  would  not  refuse  the  last  request 
of  General  Frazer,  though  by  his  acceding  to  It,  an  un- 
necessary delay  was  occasioned,  by  which  the  inconve* 
nience  of  the  army  was  much  increased.    At  6  o'clock 
the  corpse  was  brought  out,  and  we  saw  all  the  Generals 
attend  it  to  the  mountain;  the  chaplain,  Mr.  Brundell, 
performed  the  funeral  service,  rendered  unusually  so- 
lemn, and  awful  from  its  being  accompanied  by  con- 
stant peals  from  the  enemy's  artillery.    Many  cannon 
balls  flew  close  by  me,  but  I  had  my  eyes  directed  to* 
wards  the  mountain,  where  my  husband,  was  standing, 
amidst  the  fire  of  the  enemy,  and  of  course,  I  could  not 
think  of  my  own  dang^ 

'*  General  Gates  aftc^ards  said,  that  if  he  had  known 
it  had  been  a  funeral  he  would  not  have  permitted  it  to 
be  fired  on." 

Lady  Harriet  Ackland  went  to  the  American  camp 
after  the  action,  to  take  care  of  her  husband  before  the 
surrender,  and  the  Baroness  Reidesel  iiterwards.  They 
were  both  received  with  th6  greatest  kindness  and  deli- 


.   TRAVELLER. 

I 

BALLSTON  SPRINGS. 


99 


The  clustering  buildings  of  this  great  watering  place 
are  dbcovered  unexpectedly,  in  a  little  valley  of  sufficient 
depth  to  conceal  them  at  a  short  distance.  Mr.  Booth's 
female  Academy  is  just  South  of  the  village.  There  are 
here  three  principal  houses  for  the  reception  of  visi- 
tors. The  largest  and  most  fashionable  is  Sans  Souei  ; 
and  the  most  comfortable  are  Aldridge's  and  Corey's. 
The  price  of  board  is  ten  dollars  a  week  at  the  former 
place,  and  eight  dollars  at  the  two  latter.  Besides  these 
three  are  several  other  boarding  houses  of  inferior  pre- 
tensions and  prices ;  for  great  numbers  of  persons  of  all 
classes  are  annually  attracted  to  these  great  watering 
places. 


SANS  SOUCI 

Is  a  building  of  an  important  size,  occupying  the 
comer  where  Die  village  street  meets  the  road  to  Sara- 
toga. It  has  a  fine  piazza  opening  upon  the  former, 
and  presents  a  front  of  160  feet  long  with  awing  extend^ 
ing  back  from  each  end  160  feet,  allof  them  three  stories 
high,  and  containgin  all  lodging  for  nearly  150  persons. 
Tue  'dining  room  can  easily  accommodate  that  number, 
and  the  public  parlour  is  large,  airy  and  pleasant,  ex- 
tending to  the  ladies'  private  parlour.  There  is  a  beauti- 
ful meadow  in  the  rear  of  the  house  which  is  to  be  made 
free  of  some  incumberances,  and  to  be  planted  with 
trees,  laid  out  in  walks,  &.c.  for  the  pleasure  of  visitors. 

Scarcely  any  thing  in  this  c<^ntry  can  exceed  the 
scene  of  gaiety  which  this  house  presents  in  the  visiting 
season,  as  scarcely  any  thing  can  communicate  sensa- 
tions of  more  complete  desertion  and  loneliness  before 
the  company  have  arrived,  or  after  they  have  retired. 
When  crowded  with  people,  Sans  Souci  is  usually  the 
scene  of  several  balls  in  the  week,  to  say  nothing  of 
the  fishing  parties,  riding  parties,  he.  &c.  Which  fill  up 
the  d?iy-  The  variety  of  scenery  in  the  neighbourhood 
is  suQicjeift  to  attract  many  of  those  who  resort  to  tlus 
place  of  health  ^nd  pleasure,  and  walking  and  ridmg  will 
w  found  much  more  agreeable  here  then  at  Saratoga 


*l 


»-'     ! 


;» I 


100 


THE  NORTHERN 


*• 


Some  of  the  particular  routes  and  objects  will  be  UesI 
nated  hereafter. 

Mr.  Aldridge's  House 


was  the  first  respectable  one  ever  opened  in  this  place 
for  the  accommodation  of  visitors.  Its  sise  being  8uf> 
cient  also  for  a  more  limited  number  of  persons,  |a 
visitor  of  quiet  habits  or  in  ill  health >  will  here  find 
himself  retired  from  the  noise  and  bustle  which  enter 
80  largely  into  the  amusements  of  the  more  gay  and 
robust.  Very  considerable  improvements  are  also  to  be 
made  here  this  season.  The  house  has  a  pleasent  gar- 
den, with  a  long  flight  of  steps  leading  to  a  commancung 
elevation  which  overlooks  the  village  below.  In  speak- 
ing of  this  house  and  Corey's  at  once,  we  may  remark, 
that  the  tables  are  well  furnished,  the  servants  attentive, 
the  rooms  commodious,  and  the  company  no  less  gen* 
teel  than  at  Sans  Souci. 


\^ 


Mr.  Corbt^s  House 


Is  situated  at  a  little  distance  south  of  Aldridge's,  and 
has  a  pleasant  appearance,  having  a  handsome  green  in 
front  and  a  piazza. 

THE  OLD  SPRING, 

Which  is  in  the  middle  of  the  street  opposite  Aldrldge's, 
was  the  first  discovered  in  all  this  part  of  the  coantiy. 
It  is  said  that  the  inhabitants  were  induced  to  trust  to  its 
peculiar  virtues  by  the^xample  of  the  deer  of  the  forest, 
which  had  resorted  to  it  in  such  numbers  as  to  form 
beaten  paths  from  every  direction  to  the  spot.  In  1792 
there  was  not  a  house  within  two  or  three  miles  of  this 
spot.  The  neighbouring  country  was  almost  a  perfect 
wil^mess  at  the  close  of  the  revolutionary  war ;  for 
the  natural  military  route  between  Canada  and  the 
U.  States  laf  through  it,  and  the  Five  Nations  of  Indians 
w^B  so  near  on  the  western  side,  and  were  frequently 
pacing  over  it  on  their  war  parties,  that  few  white  men 
were  willing  to  encounter  the  dangers  and  risques  to 


iiO-i-»i 


.fH^^^tP 


TRAVELLER. 


101 


to  which  such  a  residence  must  necessarily  be  exposed. 
For  some  years  the  only  place  where  visitors  could  find 
shelter  here,  was  in  a  log  house,  which  continued  for  a 
considerable  time  to  be  the  only  object  of  notice.  The 
Springs  near  the  Sans  Souci  were  subsequently  discover- 
ed,  and  have  enioyed  their  portion  of  celebrity.  In  1^17 
four  springs  of  different  qualities  were  found  near  i he 
great  manufactory  built  by  Mr.  Low.  Their  history  is 
worthy  of  attentil>n,  as  it  shows  the  singular  changes 
which  sometimes  take  place  in  this  mysterious  soil, 
where  springs  occasionally  appear,  change  places  ancl 
disappear,  without  any  apparent  cause.  Some  surprising 
power  is  constantly  at  work  somewhere  beneath  the  sur- 
face, which  the  wisest  students  of  nature  are  unable  to 
explain  or  to  comprehend.  The  branch  of  the  Kayde- 
rosseros  brook  which  flows  through  the  Spa  Village,  was 
raised  to  an  unusual  height  by  a  flood  in  the  summer  of 
1817,  which  threw  its  current  into  a  new  channel  fur- 
ther towards  the  east  than  its  former  one.  The  old  bed 
was  thus  left  dry  ;  and  four  springs  were  found  rising 
side  by  side,  all  of  them  within  a  space  of  about  twenty 
feet  square,  and  all  of  qualities  entirely  different.  One 
resembled  in  so.iie  degree  the  old  spring,  but  contained  a 
surplus  of  carbonic  acid  gas  and  sparkled  like  champaign; 
the  next  contained  much  glauber  salts,  and  was  some- 
what like  the  Congress  Spring  at  Sar&toga ;  the  third 
was  brine,  like  sea  water ;  and  the  fourth  was  as  fresh  as 
rain.  A  platform  was  raided  that  covered  them  *all,  and 
wooden  tubes  were  sunk  into  the  two  first,  which  were 
onlytwo  or  three  feet  apart,  and  for  three  or  four  seasons 
they  attracted  all  visitors,  so  much  so  that  the  old  spring 
was  deserted.  The  first  spring  was  peculiarlv  fine,  and 
the  favourite  of  all ;  but  it  at  length  began  to  lose  its  fla- 
vour, gas  and  virtue.  Fashion  soon  eyed  itwith  suspicion, 
and  the  steps  of  the  gay  as  well  as  the  melancholy  were 
bent  in  another  direction,  so  that  these  four  won- 
ders of  the  place  were  neglected  and  forgotten,  and  have 
long  contented  themselves  with  joining  in  one  current 
of  clear  fresh  water,  to  swell  without  tincturing  the 
stream  of  the  Kayderosseros. 

The  old  spring  has  fully  regained  its  ancient  reputa- 
tion ;  and  as  the  tide  of  company  was  turned  last  season 
from  Saratoga  back  to  Bfellston,  it  is  to  be  presumed  that' 


102 


THE  NORTHEIN 


youth  and  age  will  crowd  at  heretofore  Jbnnd  iti  brink, 
and  pleasure  as  well  as  health  will  again  be  dispensed 
at  its  foimtaio. 


QUALITUS  OF  THK  WaTKRS. 

Nsw-Haybn,  April  27, 1824. 
DearSh', 

Tou  request  my  opinion  of  the  mineral  waters  at  Ball- 
ston  Spa.  They  are  in  my  view,  very  valuable,  and  I 
can  discern  no  serious  reason  why  public  opinion  should 
be  less  favourable  to  them  now,  than  formerely.  I  be- 
came  acquainted  with  the  old  spring,  near  Mr.  Aldridge's 
in  consequence  of  using  its  waters  uninterruptedly  at  the 
fountain  head,  for  a  month,  in  the  autumn  of  1797 ;  and 
a  residence  of  the  same  length  of  time,  at  Ballston  Spa, 
during  the  last  summer,  gave  me  an  opportunity  of  re- 
newing my  acquaintance  with  the  Old  spring,  and  of 
becommg  familiar  also  with  those  more  recently  dis- 
covered tountains,  which  have  been  opened  and  brou^t 
into  use.  The  old  spring,  appears  substantially,  as  it  did 
in  i797,  and  is,  I  suppose,  surpassed  by  no  mineral  foun- 
tain in  the  world  as  a  brisk,  copious,  slightly  saline,  and 
strong  chalybeate.  The  principal  spring  under  the  bath 
house,  while  it  is  also  a  brisk  chalvbeate,  is,  besides  in  a 
hieh  decree  saJine,  and  is  probably  unrivalled  as  a  natu- 
ral consbination  of  thi»  class.  Its  cathartic  properties 
are  strong  and  its  tonic  powers  equally  so.  There  is  no 
spring  either  at  Ballston  Spa  or  Saratoga  springs  which  I 
should  prefer  to  this.  I  speak  of  my  own  ezperieuce— for 
some  persons,  a  brisk  cathartic  water,  scarcely  chaly- 
beate at  all,  like  the  Congress  sprine,  maybe  preferable. 
The  Congress  spring  is  also,  so  far  as  I  am  informed 
without  a  rival,  in  its  class — but  it  is  scarcely  proper  to 
call  it  a  chalybeate,  as  it  is  so  only  in  a  slight  degree. 
There  is  no  reason  why  the  establishments  at  Saratoga 
springs  and  at  i^allston  Spa  should  regard  each  other 
with  an  unfriendly  feeling.  The  accommodations  of 
both  are  too  good  to  need  praise  from  me,  and  the  boun- 
ty of  the  Creator  has  ^poured  forth  these  fountains  of 
health,  in  the  great  valley  (€or  I  regard  the  springs  of 
Ballston  Spa  and  Saratoga  as  parts  of  one  great  sys- 


#' 


XRAViXLER. 


103 


ten)  with  a  pmiue  benevolence,  unknown  in  an^ 
other  country.  Nothing  can  exceed  the  variety,  copi- 
oosness  and  excellence  of  the  springs  at  Saratoga— 
but  those  of  Ballston  Spa  are  in  no  respect  except  that 
of  number  and  variety  inferior  to  them,  and  I  trust  the^ 
day  is  not  distant,  when  a  truly  liberal  feeling,  will  in 
both  villages,  lead  to  mutual  commendation,  and  an  ami- 
cable rivalry,  in  efforts  to  please  and  to  accommodate 
their  guests ;  and  the  salutary  effect  will  then,  I  am  per- 
suaded, soon  be  visible,  in  the  increased  number  of  visi- 
tors, from  every  part  of  this  great  continent ;  a  number 
more  than  sufficient  to  fill  both  villages,  and  fully  to  re- 
ward the  spirited  and  liberal  proprietors  of  their  respec- 
tive public  establishments. 

With  the  best  wishes  for  the  prosperity  of  both  places 
I  remain 

Your  Obt.  Scrvt. 

B.  SILLIMAN. 


The  Lover's  Leap  is  a  precipice  of  60  or  70  leet,  which 
overhangs  the  Kayderosseros,  and  overlooks  a  romantic 
and  secluded  little  valley,  at  the  distance  of  about  half  a 
mile  from  the  springs.  The  road  leads  up  the  hill  be- 
yond Aldridge's,  and  throug^h  a  dark  pine  grove.  A  half 
trodden  path  turns  off  at  the  right  and  condacts  to  the 
precipice,  which  is  a  pleasant  retreat  in  the  heat  of  theday, 
affording  a  fine  shade  and  frequently  a  pleasant  breese,  as 
well  as  the  view  of  a  wild  scene  below,  to  whiehasteep 
descent  conducts  on  the  left  hand.  Many  cheerful  par* 
ties  have  visited  this  spot,  many  lonely  and  melancholy 
footsteps ;  it  has  drawn  forth  many  enthusiastic  remarks 
on  the  beauties  of  nature,  iand  it  is  said,  some  indifferent 
poetry. 


M^0 


BALLSTON  LAKE 


is  a  pretty  little  sheet  of  water  about  4  miles  distant ; 
but  as  Saratoga  Lakb  is  much  larger,  more  accessible 
and  more  beautiful,  and  is  supplied  with  accommodations 
foriisliing  pities,  it  is  more  worthy  of  attention*  andto 
the  description  of  it  we  refer  the  strangf  r.    It  is  only  six 


4i 


i'i'l  ! 


104 


THE  NORTHERN 


v   t- 


miles  from  Balls  ton  Spa  afid  the  same  distauce  from  Sajti* 


(o«:a. 


Tiiere  is  a  fiue  farm  which  may  be  seen  in  a  sovUi- 
westerly  direction,  from  BallstcHi  Springs,  t^hich  from  its 
*«ize  and  style  of  cultivation  is  worthy  of  tlie  attention  of 
a^iiculturists. 

.  There  is  a  Reading  Room  and  Circulating  L^ah/ 
kept  at  the  store  of  Mr.  Comstock,  and  a  book  is  also 
kept  is  which  the  names  of  visitors  arriving  at  the  princi- 
pal hoases  are  daily  entered,  for  the  information  of  othertf. 

REMARKS  ON  THE  ROUTES. 

At  the  Springs  many  a  traveller  has  to  arrange  his 
future  journeys,  either,  for  business  or  pleasure,  and  as 
Ballston  and  Saratoga  are  pre-eminently  places  of  leis- 
ure, if  not  of  rcjlection,  some  general  hints-  concerning 
the  different  routes  will  not  be  misplaced. 

NORTH:  The  roads  to  Lake  Gcor^e^  Lake  Cham- 
plain,  Montreal,  &.c.  belonging  more  py>perly  to  Sara- 
toga, will  be  given  under  that  head. 

EAST.  The  traveller  is  referred  t;;^  the  same  place 
also  for  the  roads  leading  into  New  England. 

SOUTH.  Two  or  three  Steam  Boats  leave  ^N^imy 
for  New-York  every  day,  and  as  many  arrive  fromtlMt 
city.  Several  others  will  also  ply  every  week  betweeii 
New-York  and  Troy.  They  all  touch  at  rumennis 
points  on  the  river,  so  that  passengers  can  land  where 
they  please.  The  newspapers  will  furnish  all  necessary 
information  concerning  their  periods  of  departure  an4 
return,  and  coaches  from  the  Springs  so  i«gulate  theif 
time  as  to  accommodate  the  traveller.  The  terg«r 
boats  are  generally  preferred,  on  accoulitiof  the  fifi^  air 
1^  prospect  enjoyed  from  their  uj)per  deo)»fc$  InitvtM'OT 
e^^N>nietimes  more  crowded  than  the  small  ones,  and 
whd^  the  water  in  the  river  is  low,  some  of  them  can 
edme  up  no  higher  than  the  Overslaugh,  4  miles  below 
Albany,  to  which  place  passengers  are  taken  down  in 
the  little  steam  boat  Fire-Fly. 

There  are  ^hree  roads  to  Albany:  by  Waterford,  by 
Schenectady,  and  by  a  route  between  these  two. 
•    The  Jirst  is  much  the  pleasantest,  and  affords  the  best 
travelling.    From  Waterford  you  mav  take  either  side 
VI 


Je  from  Sam-  ' 

1  in  a  south. 

lich  from  its 

attention  of 

^ing  Librahf 

l>ook  is  aiio 

attheptiubi. 

ion  of  othert!. 

h 

arrange  his 
isure,  and  as 
eices  of  leb- 
k  concerning 

Lake  Chani' 
rly  to  Sara- 
same  place 

ave  Aibanjr 
refromt^t 
ek  between 
rumerots 

I  land  where 

II  necessaty 
tarture  and 
'iriate  thetr 

[The  terg«r 
the  fifi^  eir 

ones,  and 
>f  them  can 
liles  below 
in  down  in 

Iterford,  by 
two. 

Ids  the  best 
either  side 


■jyiiiiijWW»liil.iiii'l,JjtiuiUl'v*j,.~«^ 


U' 


* 


f 


■# 


of  the  J 
the  reix 
junction 
quite  to 
a  bridge 
"by  a  goo 
Form 
and  26. 

The  se 

rather  ci 

nity  of  ti 

course  of 

jects  mei 

of  two  da 

ton  to  AH 

I  sufficient 

'  being  a  di 

WEST. 

leading  to 

'  ced  out  V 

j  tmveUers, 

fitatendto 

The  nearc 

(he  travel! 

I  stage  road 

ThetMi 

I  commend 


%d.j 


\l 


'■  -s 


m 


-m 


# 


TRAVELLER. 


105 


of  the  river.  On  the  west  side  are  the  Cohoes  Falls, 
the  remarkable  "  nine  locks"  on  the  Erie  Canal,  the 
juDCtion  of  the  two  Canals,  and  route  of  the  former 
quite  to  Albany.  On  the  east  side  the  road  passes  over 
a  bridge  to  Lansingburgh,  through  Troy,  and  re-crosses 
"by  a  good  and  safe  ferry. 

For  notices  of  these  places  and  objects,  see  pages  25 
and  26. 

The  second  road,  which  goes  through  Schenectadjr»  is 
rather  circuitous,  but  will  give  the  stranger  an  opportu- 
nity of  travelling  27  miles  on  the  Erie  Canal,  along  the 
course  of  the  Mohawk,  and  a  sight  of  the  various  ob- 
jects mentioned  in  pages  l$5&c.  A  considerable  part 
of  two  days  will  be  necessary  on  thb  route  from  Balls- 
ton  to  Albany,  but  a  little  more  than  a  single  one  will  be 
sufficient  if  he  travels  all  the  way  in  stage  coaches,  there 
being  a  direct  road  from  Schenectady  to  Albany. 

WEST.  The  grand  western  route,  through  Utica,  and 
leading  to  Niagara  and  Lake  Erie,  has  been  already  tra- 
ced out  with  sufficient  particularity  for  the  use  of  moat 
travellers,  and  to  that  those  readers  are  referred,  who 
btend  to  pursue  that  course  after  leaving  the  Springs. 
The  nearest  point  on  that  route  U  Schenectady,  whence 
the  traveller  may  proceed  up  the  Mohawk,  either  by  the 
stt^e  road  or  m  the  caiial  boats.    See  page  28. 

The  third  road  is  little  travelled,  and  cannot  be  re-  - 
commended. 

SARATOGA  SPRINGS 

are  8  miles  from  Ballston  Springs,  and  a  public  coach 
passes  between  these  two  places  every  day — 50  cents  for 
a  seat.  The  road  is  level  and  sandy,  and  if  the  weather 
be  dry  the  traveller  will  probably  be  incommoded  with 
duiat,  unless  he  rides  in  the  morning  or  evening  when 
the  ground  is  moist  with  the  dew.  Measures  have  been 
taken  to  form  a  turnpike  road,  which  it  is  hoped,  will  be 
accomplished  this  season. 

The  village  is  quite  concealed  until  yon  are  within  a 
ahort  distance,  and  then  the  clusters  of  frail  board  build- 


'*' 


•  si  ■ 


u 


IM 


H 


I 


I 


I  ' 


106 


THE  NORTHERN 


# 


in)2^s  whicli  springy  up  among;  the  stumps  of  trees  lately 
felled  in  the  skirts  of  the  pine  forest,  show  whai  an  un- 
natural surplus  of  population  the  place  contains  durin* 
the  brief  period  that  fashion  here  maintains  her  court. 
It  may  not  be  unseasonable  to  mentimi  here  the  prmcipal 
houses  in  the  order  in  which  they  were  supposed  to  stand 
on  the  list  of  gentility  in  1824 :  the  United  States  Hotel, 
-$10  per  week,  Congress  Hall  do.  the  Pavilion  do.  and 
Union  Hall  |8. 

On  reaching  the  brow  of  a  hill  which  descends  into 
the  village  the  street  lies  in  full  view,  with  all  the  prin- 
cipal houses.  On  the  rig^t  is  Congress  Hall  three  stories 
high  with  a  row  of  17  columns,  rising  from  the  ground 
to  the  eaves ;  opposite  is  Union  Hall  with  a  row  of  10 
similar  columns ;  over  which  are  seen  the  brick  walls  of 
the  United  States  Hotel ;  and  still  beyond  and  on  the 
other  side ,  the  roof  of  the  Pavilion .  From  this  view  the 
village  is  represented  in  the  accompanying  print,,  which 
was  taken  on  the  spot  the  last  season. 

On  reaching  the  foot  of  the  hilT,  the  Congress  Spring, 
the  glory,  the  existence  of  the  place,  is  seen  at  a  short 
distance  on  the  right,  usually  surrounded  with  a  throng 
of  people. 

Congress  Hall 

Has  generally  enjoyed  the  highest  favour  among  tbm 
most  fashionable  visitors  at  Saratoga^  on  account  of  its 
line  and  imposing  appearance,  its  contiguity  to-  the 
Spring,  the  number  and  size  of  its  apartments,  and  the 
style  in  which  it  is  furnished  and  kept.  It  is.l96  feet  long; 
on  the  street,  with  two  wings  of  60  feet  running  back, 
and  contains  lodging  for  tdO.  The  first  floor  in  nront  is 
divided  into  the  following  manner :  a  dining  room  at 
the  south,  end,  capable  of  containing  tables  K)r  all  the 
house  can  accommodate;  next  the.dancing  hall,  about  80 
feet  long,  and  last  the  ladies'  parlour.  The  price  of  board 
is  $10  per  week. 

The  United  States  Hall 

Is  a  fine  building  of  brick,  three  stories  high,  ivith  a 
colonadc  rii^og  only  to  the  second  story.    This  house  is 


:^P 


V, 


ftree^  lately 
whai  an  un- 
ntains  during 
IS  her  court, 
the  principal 
)osed  to  stand 
States  Hotel, 
ilion  do.  and 

lescends  into 
h  all  the  prin> 
1  three  stories 
m  the  ground 
I  a  row  of  10 
brick  walls  of 
d  and  on  the 
1  this  view  the 
sprint,,  which 

ngress  Spring, 
seen  at  a  short 
with  a  throng 


ur  among  tte 
account  of  its 
iguity  to  the 
ents,  and  the 
3 196  feet  long^ 
mnnins  back, 
oor  in  nront  b 
ning  room  at 
es  lor  all  the 
hall,  about  80 
(rice  of  board 


TRAVELLER. 


107 


I  high,  tvith  a 
This  house  is 


oxcellently  well  kept,  and  is  more  substantially  built 
than  any  of  the  rest,  which  are  of  alight  construction, 
fit  only  for  the  mildest  weather ;  but  it  is  deficient  in 
public  rooms,  in  which  particular  Congress  Hall  so 
much  excells.  It  is  also  raised  so  high  from  the  street 
as  not  to  be  convenient  of  access,  although  many  prefer 
it  on  that  very  account. 

The  Pavilion. 

This  is  a  very  good  house  for  one  of  its  size,  and  will 
be  found  free  from  much  of  the  bustle  of  the  lareer  ones, 
while  the  resort  of  company  no  less  respectable  and 
genteel.  Those  who  wish  to  drink  often  of  the  Fl- 
rock  water  will  peferit,  as  that  Spring  is  only  a  f-. 
steps  i'rom  it  in  the  rear.  There  is  alsf  *\  shady  litw.e 
wood  not  far  beyond  by  the  road  side,  o^  the  way  to  jthe 
Round  Rock  Spring.  # 

UNION  HALL 

Is  the  resort  of  those  who  wish  to  have  the  most  con- 
venient access  to  the  waters  of  the  Congress  Spring,  or 
to  participate  more  moderately  in  the  amusemeiits  of 
die  place,  and  to  avoid  the  irxonveniences  of  gaiety  and 
murth,  which  those  do  not  feel  who  mingle  in  the  con- 
tinued  round  of  balls  and  dances  which  produce  them.. 

THE  CONGRESS  SPRING, 

Which,  as  was  before  remarked,  is  the  great  source 
from  which  this  place  derives  its  celebrity  and  its  show 
of  wealth  and  importance,  was  discovered  by  Mr.  Put- 
nam. He  built  the  first  house  near  it  for  thr  Accommo- 
dation of  invalids,  which  was  subsequently  enlarged  to 
the  present  Union  Hall,  now  kept  by  his  son.  The  Sound 
rock  Spring,  of  which  more  particular  notice  wUl  soon 
be  taken,  was  known  before,  having  been  discovered  to 
Sir  William  Johnson  by  an  Indian,  while  the  country 
was  yet  a  wilderness.  The  Congress  Spring  was  long 
concealed  by  the  neighbouring  brook  which  formerly 
passed  over  it;  but  its  valuable  qualities  being  discxvC^r- 


■4|ifc 


I 


108 


THE  JVORTHERiV. 


ed,  it  has  attracted  universal  attention,  and  the  benef 
of  its  waters  are  annually  dispensed  to  thousands. 

THE  FLAT  ROCK  SPRING, 

Is  near  tiie  upper  end  of  the  street,  and  in  the  rear  of 
the  Pavilion.  In  composition  and  qualities  it  bears 
some  resemblance  to  the  Old  Spring  at  BalUtoriy  but  is 
far  inferior.  It  is  a  calybeate  water,  and  the  best  of 
the  kind  in  the  place.  It  is  situated  on  the  margin  of 
the  little  valley  in  which  all  the  springs  are  found,  and 
the  Pavillion  will  be  found  a  pleasant  house  to  invalids 
and  others  who  wish  to  drink  ol  it  frequently. 

THE  ROUND  ROCK  SPRING. 

This  Spring  is  worthy  of  a  visit  merely  as  a  natural 
cudosity,  the  water,  although  for  a  time  much  celebra- 
ted, and  indeed  the  only  attraction  of  which  Saratoga 
could  boast,  having  gone  into  disrepute,  since  the  dis- 
covery of  the  sources  already  mentioned.  It  is  a  feeble 
chalybeate,  with  little  taste  and  little  effect.  The  water 
rises  in  a  small  lime-stone  rock  of  a  conical  form,  with  a 
circular  hole  in  the  middle,  about  five  inches  in  diame- 
ter. The  rock  is  about  five  feet  through  at  the  base,  and 
has  evidently  been  produced  by  the  layers  of  lime 
deposited  by  the  water.  Many  of  .the  rocks  in  the 
neighbourhood  contain  a  large  quantity  of  lime,  where 
the  carbonic  acid  of  the  water  probably  obtains  the  sup- 
ply which  it  afterwards  deposits  here.  The  gradual  ac- 
cretion which  is  constantlir  going  on  here,  is  very  appa- 
rent even  to  a  hasty  observer.  That  part  of  the  rock 
which  is  most  exposed  to  the  dripping  ot  water  taken  out 
in  cups  through  the  hole  in  the  top,  is  always  smooth 
and  even,  while  other  parts  are  rough  and  broken. 
Fractures  made  by  visitors  are  sometimes  found  half  ob- 
literated by  a  recent  coat  of  calcareous  matter  formed  in 
this  manner.  A  horizontal  rock,  apparently  of  similar  | 
formation,  extends  for  a  considerable  distance  under  the 
surface  of  the  ground ;  and  indeed  it  might  be  supposed 
to  reach  to  some  of  the  springs  which  rise  in  different 
places  along  the  valley  above. 


M 


TRAVELLER 


10i> 


It  is  said  that  the  Round  Rock  was  discovered  to  Sir 
William  Johnson  by  an  Indian,  before  which  time  it  was 
unknown  to  Whitemen.  The  water,  according  to  com- 
mon report,  formerly  flowed  over  the  top,  but  has  for 
many  years  found  its  way  below,  through  a  crevice  pro- 
duced by  a  large  forest  tree  which  fell  and  cracked  the 
rock. 


SARATOGA  LAKE. 

An  excursion  to  this  beautiful  piece  of  water,  is  one  of 
the  most  agreeable  that  can  be  made  in  any  direction. 
It  is  six  miles  distant,  in  a  south-easterly  direction,  and 
is  frequently  visited  by  parties  from  Ballston,  as  well  as 
Saratoga  Springs,  as  a  good  house  has  been  lately  erected 
on  the  shore,  and  furnished  with  every  accommodation, 
by  Mr.  Riley.  Sailing  and  fishing  on  the  Lake  form  the 
amusements  of  the  excursion. 

The  lake  extends  9  miles  in  length,  and  is  3  in  breadth. 
The  shores  are  bold  and  varied,  gently  descending  with, 
a  smooth  slope  to  the  margin  or  rising  in  rugged  crags 
from  the  water's  edge ;  sometimes  softened  and  beautifi- 
edby  the  hand  of  cultivation,  and  sometimes  abandoned 
to  all  their  native  wildness. 

If  the  wind  and  weather  are  favourable,  the  visitor 
roay  expect  good  sport  in  fishing;  and  if  not,  he  may 
calculate  on  a  dinner  table  well  supplied  by  other  and 
more  fortunate  adventurers.  There  are  also  many  kinds 
of  wild  fowl,  birds,  &c.  in  the  neighbourhood,  so  that  a 
sportsman  may  find  great  amusement  here. 

The  Battle  Ground, 

where  General  Burgoyne  fought  Gen.  Gates  and  tha 
Americans  in  the  autumn  of  1777,  lies  at  the  distance  of 
5  or  6  miles,  towards  the  east,  and  is  described  particular- 
ly at  page  85  and  onward ;  see  page  112  for 

The  Field  of  SurrendcVf  andOen,  Burgopie'^s  last  Cawp. 

a. 


110 


nm  NOllTHERN 


Trout  Fishing. 

12  miles  eastward  from  the  Springs,  is  a  Trout  pond, 
to  which  spoilsmen  frequently  resort.  Mr.  Barhyte, 
however,  who  keeps  the  house,  never  permits  the  fish  to 
be  eaten  anywhere  else. 

The  remarks  which  have  been  made  on  the  gaiety  of 
the  two  great  watering  places,  are  intended  to  apply 
only  when  they  are  the  fashionable  resorts  of  tnose 
throngs  of  visitors  which  every  season  appear  at  one  or 
both  of  them.    The  changes  in  fashion  which  lead  all 
the  world  sometimes  to  prefer  one  and  sometimes  the 
other,  and  sometimes  to  divide  their  visits  eqi^ally  be- 
tween them  both,  are  of  so  unaccountable  a  nature,  that 
it  is  impossible  for  any  one  to  divine  them,  or,  with  any 
confidence  to   hazard  a  conjecture  far  into  futurity. 
Seven  or  eight  years  ago,  Ballston  was  the.  general  ren- 
dezvous ;  but  Saratoga  soon  afterwards  drained  it  of  i\s 
company,  and  maintained  its  superiority  in  this  .particu- 
lar until  near  the  close  of  the  last  season,  (1824,)  when  I 
Sans  Souci  was  filled  to  an  overflow,  and  most  of  thel 
other  houses  at  Ballston  were  crowded  with  visitors.   If  | 
therefore  the  remarks  heretofore  made,  concerning thft  I 
liveliness  and  gaiety  of  either  of  these  places,  should  at 
amy  time  appear  inapplicable,  it  may  be  rememberedl 
that  they  have  been  often  true  of  both,  and  doubtless] 
will  be  so  again. 

The  Reading  Room. 

Here,  as  well  as  at  Ballston,  a  Reading  R!oom  iskept, 
where  strangers  will  find  newspapers  from  different 
parts  of  the  country,  and  where  they  will  be  able  to  sup- 
ply themselves  with  books  of  different  descriptions,  to 
beguile  their  few  leisure  hours.  The  Readii^g  Room  is 
lit  the  Book  Store,  a  little  beyond  the  United  States 
Hotel. 

*4  List  of  Strangers  will  also  be  found  at  the  same 
jilace,  into  which  the  arrivals  and  departures  of  visitors 
aro  copied  once  a  day,  from  the  books  of  the  four  princi 
])ul  houses.  If  any  one  expects  to  meet  a  friend  here 
oc  wishes  to  learn  whether  he  has  already  left  Saratoga 
ke  !ias  onlv  to  refer  to  this  list  and  look  for  his  name.. 


TRAVKLLER. 


Ill 


THE  BATTLE  GROUND. 

The  defeat  ol'General  Burgoyne  in  the  year  1777  took 
place  a  few  miles  east  from  the  Springs.  The  two  bat-^ 
ties  which  he  fought  with  the  American  anny  under 
General  Gates,  are  commonly  blended  into  one,  and 
called  the  Battle  of  Saratoga*  Tp  speak  strictly,  how- 
ever, they  should  bear  th«  Ham^  of  Semis's  Heights, 
where  they  actually  took  place;  though  the  name  of 
Saratoga  bears  so  fine  a  sound,  that  there  seems  on  the 
whole  little  to  be  gained  by  the  change. 

The  field  o{  battle  having  been  already  described,  as 
well  as  the  bloodshed  and  ^e  victories  of  those  impor- 
tant days,  the  visitor  is  referred  to  pages  85  and  onwards 
for  an  account  which  will  aid  him  in  tracing  out  the  vari- 
ous positions  and  sites  with  distinctness  and  interest. 

It  is  proper  to  remark,  however,  that  from  Saratoga 
the  visitor  approaches  the  field  in  a  difierent  direction 
from  that  assumed  by  the  description  above  alluded  to ; 
aad  that  Smith's  inn,  where  he  stops,  is  the  identical 
buildmi^  in  which  Gen.  Burgoyne  had  his'  quarters^  and 
which  was  then  known  as  "  Swords'  House."  It  was  a 
little  in  the  rear  of  the  British  Lines,  as  described  in  Bur- 
goyne's  history  of  bts  campaign,  and  has  suffered  no 
material  alteration  since,  except  by  a  removal  from  its 
original  situation. 

After  satisfying  himself  with  an  examination  of  this  in- 
teresting vicinity,  referring,  as  above  recommended,  to 
the  description  given  some  pages  back,  the  traveller,  if 
going  northward,  will  pass  over  the  route  by  which 
Gen.  Burgoyne  approached,  and  subsequently  retreated 
immediately  after  thie  battle  of  October  7th. 

SCHUYLER'S  VILLE, 

6  miles  from  the  battle  ground.  At  this  village  is  the 
place  where  Gen.  Burgoyne  was  force<l  to  stop  on  his 
retreat,  on  account  of  the  flood  in  Fish  Creek,  the  outlet 
of  Saratoga  Lake ;  and  at  Fort  Hardy,  which  then  stood 
on  its  banks,  he  surrendered  to  Gen.  Gates  on  the  17thOct. 
The  traces  of  his  camp  are  still  very  discernable,  in  em- 


¥.^ 


iVZ 


JHK  NORTHEUX 


hankmcnts,  ditches,  &c.  and  the  house  in  Tvhicli  he  huu 
liis  head  quarters  is  also  remaining,  although  in  a  very 
dilapidated  state. 

THE  BRITISH  CAMP, 

one  mile  from  the  Fishkill,  and  opposite  the  Ratcnkill 
rrcek.  From  the  hill  where  the  British  encamp- 
ment was  farmed,  which  is  about  an  extensive  view  may 
be  had  back  upon  the  route  towards  Bemis's  Heights. 
Gen.  Burgoyne  occupied  the  night  of  Oct.  8th  and  the 
following  day  in  getting  to  this  place,  although  it  is  but 
6  miles,  on  account  of  the  miserable  state  of  the  roads. 
Here  he  was  detained  for  several  days  by  the  swelling  of 
the  waters  of  the  creek ;  and  when  he  crossed  the  stream, 
he  left  his  hospital,  with  300  sick  and  wounded,  who 
were  treated  by  Gen.  Gates  with  every  attention. 

Here  the  further  retreat  was  cut  off;  for  the  Ameri- 
cans were  found  in  possession  of  the  fo:  ds  of  the  Hudson. 
Gen.  BUrgoyne  therefore  took  his  last  position ;  and 
Gen.  Gates  formed  his  camp  behind,  while  Morgan  took 
post  on  the  west  and  north  of  the  British,  and  Gen.  Fel- 
lows, with  3000  men,  was  stationed  on  the  opposite  side 
of  the  river.  American  troops  were  also  in  Fort  Ed- 
ward, and  on  the  high  ground  towards  Lake  George^ 

THE  SURRENDER. 

While  remaining  in  this  situation,  the  British  were 
continually  e:^posed  to  the  fire  of  their  enemies,  as  well 
as  reduced  by  want  of  provisions.  Six  days  passed  thus ; 
when,  on  the  17th  of  October,  1777,  a  convention  was 
signed,  and  the  army  being  marched  to  the  meadow 
near  Old  Fort  Hardy,  piled  their  arms  ?ind  siurrendered 
prisoners  of  war. 


The  House  of  Gen.  Schfyleti 

stood  on  the  spot  now  occupied  by  that  pf  his  SQn.    It 
"•.vas  burnt  by  Burgoyne  on  his  retreat ;  notwithstanding; 


TRAVELLJEK. 


113 


which  the  British  officers  were  afterwards  received  at 
iiis  house  in  Albany,  and  treated  witli  great  kindness. 


REMARKS  ON  THE  ROUTES. 

NORTH.  Three  great  routes  from  the  Springs  to- 
wards  the  north  may  be  particularized,  although  they 
run  almost  side  by  side,  and  all  unite  on  arriving  at 
Lake  Champlain.  1st.  The  fashionable  route,  to  Cald- 
well on  Lake  George.  2d.  The  Northern,  or  Cham- 
plain  Canal.  3d.  The  road  to  Whitehall,  the  direct 
route  on  the  way  to  Montreal. 

Thejirst  of  these  is  usually  travelled  by  strangers  of 
taste  and  leisure,  as  it  conducts  directly  to  the  fine 
scenery  of  Lake  George,  and  the  battle  grounds  in  its 
vicinity;  and  passes  near  several  other  spots  of  high  in* 
terest  for  their  historical  associations.  It  is  v;itii  a  par- 
ticular view  to  this  route  that  the  places  soon  to  be  men- 
tioned will  be  arranged  and  described.  Even  if  a  jour- 
ney to  Montreal  is  intended,  it  can  hardly  be  too  urgent- 
ly pressed  upon  the  stranger  to  devote  a  leisure  day  or 
two  to  Lake  George  on  his  way,  as  he  will  find  himself 
most  amply  rewarded,  and  can  join  the  great  route  with 
facility. 

The  second  rovie^  by  the  Northern  Canal,  may  be  met 
near  the  battle  ground  at  Bemis's  Heights,  but  it  has 
hitherto  offered  in  this  part  no  boat  expressly  for  passen- 
gers, although  there  is  one  between  Fort  Edward  and 
Whitehall,  which  meets  the  Champlain  steam  boat, 
la  fine  weather,  however,  gentlemen  may  tra\  3l  very 
pleasantly  for  a  few  miles  in  the  common  freight  boats. 

The  third  rotUe  is  the  road  to  Whitehall,  which  is  fur- 
nished with  public  carriages  from  the  Springs  during  the 
warm  season,  and,  like  the  Canal,  passes  nenr  some  of 
the  interesting  places  to  be  mentioned  hereafter.  From 
Whitehall  tlie  traveller  may  proceed  down  Lake  Cham- 
plain in  the  steam  boat,  or  by  land  in  the  mail-coach. 

EAST.  Travellers  wishing  to  go  to  any  part  of  tlie 
country  in  this  direction,  may  take  thiiir  choice  of  seve- 
ral routes.  Lines  of  stage  coaclies  t  un  to  Connecticut 
River   firom  Burlington,   Middlebury,   Castleton,  anil 


i„  !R 


1 ,  ( ; 


i'i 


\ 


i 


\i 


JIIENOHXHKKX 


(Tranvillc,  aH  well  a;  from  Troy  nnd  Albany,  in  variuii- 
flireotions — to  Hanover,  BraUIeborouj:^!),  (iiccnfirlil. 
\orthnmptnn,  Springfield,  Hartford  ;  and  there  siiVu 
rlividing;  into  numerous  ramifications,  offer  the  mean*)  «,i 
« onveyanoe  to  every  part  of  New  Eng;1and.  Thc?c 
routes  are  jnore  particularly  described  under  the  heart 
of**  Roads''  in  the  Index. 

To  meet  either  of  these  routes  it  will  be  necessary  ta 
proceed  to  some  point  north  or  south  of  the  Springes,  for 
which  public  carriages  are  established  in  several  direc- 
tions from  Saratoga  and  Brllston,  concerning  which  ar- 
rangements may  be  made  at  the  bar  of  the  house  where 
the  stranger  is  lodged. 

It  is  also  important  to  mention,  that  two  lines  of  coaches 
run  along  the  courses  of  Hudson  River  and  Wood  Creek, 
one  on  each  side ;  and  that  the  eastern  one  carries  the 
i*iail  through  Castleton,  Middlebury,  Burlington,  &c. 
along  the  course  of  Lake  Champlain,  though  generally  at 
too  great  a  distance  to  command  a  view  of  it.  The  coyn- 
try  thtire  is  very  fine,  the  villages  beautiful  and  the  sur- 
face frequently  mountainous.  This  road  meets  several 
of  the  eastern  roads ;  but  the  traveller  will  probably  pre- 
fer to  take  the  steam  boat,  as  he  can  land  at  the  moat  im- 
portant pointc. 

The  most  interesting  route  thatcan  be  chosen  by  a  man 
of  taste,  from  the  springs  to  Boston,  is  through  Vermont  to 
the  white  mountain?,  and  Winnipiseogee  Lake  in  New 
Hampshire.  He  may  take  what  road  he  pleases  to  Con- 
necticut River ;  and  then  proceeding  to  Bath  on  its  eas- 
tern shore,  pursue  the  course  of  the  lower  Ammonooslic 
River  along  an  improving  road  to  Ethan  A,  Crawford s 
house  among  the  White  Mountains. 

As  lists  of  places  and  distances  on  the  most  important 
routes  are  given  in  different  places  in  this  book,  the  travel- 
ler is  once  more  referred  to  the  Index  at  the  end  of  the 
volume,  for  any  further  information  he  wishes  to  obtain 
•on  this  subject. 

For  the  roads  leading  SOUTH  and  WEST/rom  tht 
SpringSjhe  is  referred  directly  to  5rt//5fo?i,  where  those 
routes  are  particularly  mentioned  and  described. 

If  he  has  never  visited  the  Battle  Ground  at  Bemis'& 
Heights^pr^  as  it  is  usually  called,  of  Saratoga,  it  may  be 


TRAVELLER 


Ji.; 


(commended  to  him  to  take  that  interesting;  place  in  his 
\ray,  and  to  refer  to  pages 85  and  1 1 1  for  the  description  of. 


EXCURSION  TO  LAKE  GEORGE. 

This  19  by  far  the  most  delightful  as  well  as  fashionable 
excursion  which  can  be  made  from  the  springs  in  any  di- 
rection, as  it  abounds  with  some  of  the  finest  scenery  in 
fhe  United  State?,  as  well  as  in  numerous  sites  and  ob* 
jects  intimately  connected  witlithe  history  of  the  country. 

From  the  time  of  the  earliest  wars  between  the  British 
colonies  and  the  French  in  Canada  to  that  of  1756,the  tract 
over  which  our  present  route  lies  was  the  high  road  of 
war.  It  was  traversed  by  many  a  hostile  expedition,  in 
which  the  splendor  and  power  of  European  arms,  mingled 
with  the  fierce  tactics  of  savage  wariors  :  the  ruins  of 
their  fortresses  are  still  to  be  traced  in  many  places,  and 
tradition  points  to  many  a  spot  that  has  been  sprinkled 
with  their  blood.  During  the  Revolution  also,  some  of 
the  important  events  in  our  histor}  took  place  in  this 
neighbourhood.  The  Battle  of  Saratoga  and  the  defeat 
ofGeoeral  Burgoyne  has  been  already  dwelt  npon;  but 
we  shall  have  to  refer  more  than  once  to  his  expedition  ns 
we  pass  other  scenes  with  which  the  events  of  it  are  con- 
uected. 

*    The  journey  to  Montreal  maybe  made  hy  the  way  of 
Lake  George ;  and  to  those  who  may  prefer  this  route,  it 
may  be  mentioned,  at  this  time,  that  the  scene  of  M<'. 
Donnough's  victory  in  the  late  war,  lies  on  Lake  Cham- 
plain. 

On  leaving  Saratoga  for  Lake  George,  the  traveller 
enters  upon  an  extensive  trp^t  of  the  most  uninteresting 
country.  All  the  way  to  Glenn's  Falls  the  road  lies  across 
a  pine  plain  almost  without  cultivation  and  inhabitants, 
where  the  wheels  drag  heavily  through  the  sand,  and  the 
view  is  confined  on  both  sides  by  the  forest.  Far  from 
proving  a  tedious  ride,  however,  it  is  often  enlivened 
with  the  presence  of  cheerful  parties ;  for  the  summer 
is  not  the  season  nor  this  region  the  place  for  ennui,  ex- 
cept to  those  whom  ill  health  or  unhappinesshas  unfitted 
for  the  gay  society  which  here  aboimas. 


i'> 


■M 


m  i  i 


iUy 


THE  NORTHERN 


GLENN'S  FALLS,  18  mihsfrom  Saratoga. 


On  arriving  at  this  place  the  stranger  is  presented  wit] 
a  wild  and  striking  scene,  which  produces  a  more  strong 
and  agreeable  impresssion  from  its  contrast  with  the 
monotony  of  his  journey.  The  Hudson  River  opens  to 
view,  with  a  handsome  little  village  on  its  banks,  where 
the  water  is  precipitated  over  a  broken  precipice  form- 
ing a  descent  of  40  feet,  and  which  it  overspreads  with 
a  sheet  of  foam  as  white  as  snow.  On  both  sides  of  the 
river  below,  the  banks  ire  high,  steep  and  rocky,  cut 
and  worn  away  in  a  surprising  manner'by  the  long  and  in- 
cessant operation  of  the  current,  which  still  rushes  along 
beneath,  and  continues  iis  action  upon  the  hard  channel. 
The  dark  colour  of  the  lime  stone  rocks  adds  by  contrast 
to  the  pure  whiteness  of  the  cataract;  and  the  height  of 
the  bridge  which  tretches  across  just  above,  gives  the 
scene  a  degree  of  terror  by  its  appearance  of  insecurity. 

A  little  below  the  falls  is  a  rock  of  singular  form  and 
appearance,  rising  from  the  middle  of  the  channel, 
through  which  a  cavern  has  been  formed  by  the  water, 
opening  upon  the  two  opposite  sides,  as  if  rudely  cut  out 
by  the  ha  iid  of  man.  Here  as  well  as  in  other  places 
along  the  stream,  the  most  singular  appearance  has  been 
given  to  the  rocks  by  the  force  of  the  water,  which  pro- 
duces even  on  t!  e  su^^i^ice  of  the  hardest  stones,  a  rough 
and  undulated  surface,  resembling  that  of  the  agitated 
fluid  itself. 

A  feeder  has  been  t  sgun  at  C>enn's  Fall's,  to  convey  a 
supply  of  water  to  Fort  Edward. 


[SANDY  HILL,  2  miles  eastward. 

This  village  is  pleasantly  situated  at  the  next  fall  in 
the  river  below.  The  cascade  is  less  remarkable  as  an 
object  of  curiosity  and  interest,  biit  is  still  worthy  of  at- 
tention if  the  stranger  have  sufficient  time  at  his  disposal. 
He  will  also  find  several  other  remarkable  objects  be- 
low ;  and  if  he  should  be  on  his  return  from  Lake  George, 
and  wishes  to  visit  this  pnrt  of  the  canal,  the  Field  oif 
fSurrmder^  or  the  Battle  Ground^  before  reaching  Sara- 


^«^ 


TRAVELLER. 


ir 


s,  to  convey  a 


!oga  or  Ballston,  he  will  find  it  convenient  to  follow  the 
course  of  the  river. 

For  a  description  of  the  principal  scenes  of  this  roate, 
seepages  130  on  the  return  to  Saratoga.] 

Between  Glenn's  Falls  and  Lake  George,  there  are 
IWT  or  three  spots  worthy  of  particular  attention ;  but 
the  whole  distance  will  be  regarded  with  feelings  of  un- 
common interest,  as  lying  near  and  upon  some  of  the 
routes  traversed,  at  various  periods,  by  the  military  par- 
ties and  the  large  armies  set  in  motion  by  the  plans  of 
war  and  led  across  these  eventful  regions.  The  great 
routes  between  Hudson  river  and  the  Lakes,  indeed 
Uy  several  miles  east  of  this,  by  Foi't  Edward,  Fort 
Anne,  and  Skeensborough,  which  is  now  called  White- 
hall ;  but  that  was  not  tue  most  direct  route  to  Lake 
George,  which  was  for  a  time  considered  as  a  point  of 
considerable  importance.   - 

When  Gen.  Burgoyne  began  his  retreat  from  Bemis's 
Heights  in  October,  1777,  General  Gates  dispatched  seife- 
ral  bodiec  of  troops  to  intercept  his  passage.  The  Hud- 
son River  was  strondy  guarded  at  Fishkill,  as  well  as 
some  other  points  oi  the  greatest  importance  ;  and  to 
prevent  his  escape  by  the  way  of  Lake  George,  the  high 
ground  along  ^Iiis  route  was  occupied  by  the  Americans. 
As  the  surrender  of  his  army  took  place  at  Fort  Hardy, 
however,  no  blood  was  spilt  here. 

The  first  primitive  rocks  will  be  discovered  In  pro- 
ceeding towards  the  Lake, 

ROCKY  BROOK,  6  miles. 

Tliere  is  a  small  stream  to  be  passed  about  4  miles  this 
side  of  Lake  George,  which  has  been  rendered  famous 
by  a  severe  action  fought  near  it,  in  1756,  between 
Gen.  Dieskau  and  a  detachment  from  General  Johnson's 
army,  near  the  beginning  of  the  "  French  War." 

A  particular  account  of  the  whole  expedition  will  be 
j;iven  under  the  "Battle  of  Lak£  Gkorgk,"  afew  pages 
further  on,  so  that  a  few  words  will  be  sufficient  in  this 
place. 

General  Dieskau  had  come  from  Canada  with  a  large 
nrmy  originally  intended  for    an  attack  on    Oswepo, 


i '.  ^i 


"  m 


I 


* 


,i|l  \4 


THE  NORTHERN 


a  fort  on  Lake  Ontario.  He  had  heard  that  the  EDgllsli 
had  assembled  a  large  force  under  GeneralJohnson,  ac^ 
therefore  dh'ected  his  course  towards  Fort  Edward. 
He  had  landed  however  at  South  Bay,  and  was  on 
his  march  for  Fort  Edward,  before  he  learned  that 
the  great  body  of  his  enemies  had  gone  on  to  Lake 
Georg:e ;  and  the  Canadian  portion  of  his  troops  being 
struck  with  dread  at  the  report  that  th^  Fort  was  well 
supplied  with  cannon,  objected  to  attaking  it.  He  there- 
fore changed  his  route,  ahd  proceeded  to  Lake  George. 
General  Johnson  was  apprised  of  his  approach  in  time 
to  dispatch  Coloiysl  Williams  against  him,  who,  with  a 
body  of  civilized^troops,  and  a  considerable  number  of 
Indians  of  the  Five  Nations,  under  the  command  of  the 
famous  warrior  Hendrick,  encountered  the  French  near 
Rocky  Qrook,  but  in  circumstances  very  unfavourable 
to  the  former.  *  ^     ^  ^,    ,  .     j; 

General  Dieskau,  on  hearing  of  t!olonel  Williams's 
design,  drew  ii\p  his  troops  in  the  form  of  a  crescent, 
iwitU  the  horse  towards  the  enemy,  and  the  centre  cross- 
ing the  road.  The  depth  of  the  forest  shade  was  a  suffici- 
ent concealment;  and  Col.  Williams  had  no  warning  of 
the  ambush  until  he  had  penetrated  beyond  its  wings, 
and  w^as  alarmsd  with  a  sudden  and  fatal  fire  from  the 
front  andboth  flanks.  His  men  fought  with  desperation, 
but  courage  and  strength  cannot  avail  against  an  invis- 
ible foe.  The  battle  was  obstinate,  and  the  slaughter 
dreadful.  Hendripk  the  warrior  and  orator— Hendrick 
fell  mortally  wounded,  by  a  sliot  in  the  back,  from  one 
of  the  wings  of  thecresent,  and  died,  lamenting  that 
death  should  not  have  met  him  in  the  face,  and  be- 
queathed to  his  memory  more  fully  the  honors  of  a 
soldier.  «.^ 

Colonel  Williams  also  fell  while  bravely  leading  dn  his 

jsolcfiers;  and  Colonel  Whiting,  who  succeeded  him  in 

'the  command,  with  the  roost  admirable  coolness  and 

bravery,  collected  the  remains  of  the  dispersed  English, 

and  forcing  his  way  through  the  enemy,  retreated  to 

the  main  body  at  the  head  of  Lake  George. 

I  ,  *        BLOODY  POND 

is  a  small  sheet  of  water  at  a  little  distance  from  the; 
road ;  and  derives  its  name  from  havins  been  made  the 


^ 


TRAVELLER. 


119 


jvi'eat  burying  place  of  tlie  soldiers,  who  fell  in  both  ar- 
mies during  this  bloody  conflict. 


LAKE  GEORGE. 

The  village  of  Caldwell' is  the  place  at  whicte'the  Visi- 
tor will  stop  to  take  a  view  of  this  charming  lake,  and 
from  which  he  will  make  his  excursions  across  its  beau- 
tiful waters.  The  village  stands  at  the  south  end  of  the 
lake,  and  on  its  shore,  commanding  a  fine  view  of  the 
neighbouring  sheet  of  water  and  the  mountains  by  which 
it  is  almost  enclosed.  The  inn  to  which  Grangers  re- 
sort occupies  a  spot  pecul*  '!y  fitted  to  gratify  the  eye 
of  taste,  as  it  overlooks  the  lake  for  several  miles,  and 
the  view  is  not  interrupted  by  any  neighbouring  obsta- 
cle. A  more  delightful  place  can  hardly  be  found  in  the 
United  States,  for  the  temporary  residence  of  one  who 
takes  delight  in  scenery  of  this  description  and  loves  to 
recur  to  deeds  long  past,  and  to  exploits  great  in  them- 
selves and  important  in  their  results,  even  to  the  present 
day. 

Lake  George  is  34  miles  long,  and  its  greatest  breadth 
4.  At  the  south  end  it  is  only  about  one  mile  broad ; 
and  the  greatest  depth  is  60  fathoms.  The  water  is  re- 
makable  for  its  purity — a  fish  or  a  stone  may  be  seen  at 
the  depth  of  20  or  30  feet.  It  is  undoubtedly  supplied  by 
springs  from  below,  as  the  water  is  coldest  near  the  bot- 
tom. It  contains  trout,  bass  and  perch.  There  are  deer 
in  the  neighbouring  forest.  The  outlet  which  leads,  to 
Lake  Champlain  contains  three  large  falls  and  rapids. 
The  lake  never  rises  more  than  two  feet. 

"  The  three  best  points  of  view  are  at  Fort  George,  a 
place  north  of  Shelving  Rock,  14  miles,  and  another  at 
Sabbath-day  point,  21  miles,  from  the  head  of  the  Lake. 
The  last  view  is  taken  southward,  the  other  two  north- 
ward. 

This  beautiful  basin  with  its  pure  crystal  water  is 
odunded  by  two  ranges  of  mountains,  which  in  some 
pmecs  rising  with  a  bold  and  hasty  ascent  from  the  water, 
and  in  others  descending  with  a  graceful  sweep  from  a 
gi-eat  height  to  abroad  and  level  margin,  furnish  it  with 
»  charmiiiff  vuriotv  of  scenerv,  which  everv  change  o  \ 


'i  '11 


% 


m 


i 


■*'j 


'  M    '  1  ,  f 


( 


liO 


THE  NORTHERN 


weather,  as  well  as  eveiy  change  of  position  presents  in 
new  and  countless  beauties.  The  intermixture  of  culti- 
vation with  the  wild  scenes  of  nature  is  extremely  agree- 
able ;  and  the  undfilating  surface  of  the  well  tilled  fann 
is  often  contrasted  with  the  deep  shade  of  the  native 
forest,  ^d  the  naked,  weather  beaten  cliffs,  wher^  do 
vegetation  can  dwell. 

The  Islands 

are  an  important  feature  in  the  scenery  of  the^iaki*^. 
They  are  yet  unnumbered,  and  as  different  ip  theiit  siiMi 
and  variea  in  their  appearance  as  counties.'^  for  th^lr 
multitude.  Some  are  bare  and  rocky,  others  invested 
with  verdure  ;  some  rise  from  the  water  with  a  green 
and  gentle  swell,  others  overhang  it  with  a  broken  prie- 
clpice.  To  a  stranger  who  visits  Lake  George  unmr  a 
clear  sky,  and  sails  upon  its  surface  when  the  morning  ior 
evening  sun  throws  over  it,a  slanting  light,  the^p&ite 
,se4'iDS  one  of  the  most  mild  and  beautiful  on  earth ;  tifit 
if  he  shoa!d  have  an  opportunity  to  witness  the  solihii- 
nity  with  which  a. storm  approaches,  and  the  fury^v^ 
which  the  elements  often  wage  their  war  among  these 
wild  and  desolate  mountains,  it  will  seem  to  have  lost 
its  originally  character,  and  to  present  only  the  sublime 
and  the  terrible  aspects  of  nature. 

The  opposite  print  may  afford  some  idea  of  this  char&i- 
ing  scenery ;  but  no  exertion  of  ^  can  produce  anything 
ilt  to  be  called  a  resemblance  of  such  a  noble  exhibition 
of  the  grand  and  beautiful  features  of  creation. 

Ctystals  are  found  in  many  of  the  islands ;  but  there  is 
one  which  has  been  particularly  famous  for  yielding 
them,  as  ciicumstances  have  formerly  brought  it  more 
under  the  observation  of  strangers.  An  acquatic  excar- 
sion  among  the  islands  and  along  the  various  points  of 
the  shore,  particularly  if  the  weather  be  as  fine  as  it  often 
is,  may  be  recommended,  to  every  traveller  of  taste  or 
science,  as  well  worthy  his  regard.  The  Geology  and 
botanyof  the  vicinity,  the  pleasures  of  shootin»  and  fish- 
ing, combined  with  the  peculiar  charms  of  tne  scene- 
ry, which  are  redoubledby  thtj  differr  t  points  of  view- 
all  these  are  ready,  to  attract  the  ra.  d  that  seeks  mere 
recreation,  or  to  mrnisb  the  superior  enjoyments  of  hm 
•'lire  and  taj^te. 


vA 


■**'IP^ 


n  presents  in 
ture  of  culti- 
emely  agree- 
11  tilledfanQ 
)f  the  native 
'Sf  wher^Do 


>f  the, tttitei. 

ir  theit  si^ 
es;  for  tli^lr 
hers  inviest^d 

with  a  green 
I  broken  prfe- 
torgeunwra 
e  morning  tor 
;ht,  the^pUiiee 
3n  earth;  tf^t 
ess  the  sohaii' 
the  fury^^ 
among  these 
1  to  have  liast 
y  the  sublime 

of  this  charm- 
3uce  anything 
ble  exhibitioii 
tion. 

s;  buttbereis 
for  yielding 
)ught  it  more 
cquatic  excur- 
ious  points  of 
fine  as  it  offen 
ler  of  taste  or 
Geology  and 
oting  and  fish- 
of  the  scene- 
lints  of  view— 
at  seeks  mere 
vmpnts  of -H'l 


■0 


i 


ft 


mi 


■|  :ii 


>■>« 


* 


Amc 
are  the 
feldspa 
found  i 
Fort 
itself,  0 
gether 
for  25  0 
of  the  p 
ving  Hi 
The^ 
others; 
Anthon 
jects. 
who  wa 
volutioi 
compan 
the  sout 
looks  u]j 
from  the 
Thisb 
by  the  F 
used  by 
purity  re 
transpar 
place. 

There 

and  bustJ 

tirely  op] 

natural  S( 

theatre  o 

to  a  subli 

the  notic 

the  calm 

shor  s. 

often  inti 

ing  steel 

the  hue  < 

footsteps 

Althou 

the  hosti] 

L 


TRAV£LLi;ya. 

Geology* 


121 


Among  the  most  interesting  minerals  found  here, 
are  the  crystals  of  quatrz,  dove^oloured  marble,  epidote, 
feldspar,  hematite,  plumbago,  &c.  &c.  Magnetic  iron  is 
foand  at  Crown  Point. 

Fort  George  commands  the  finest  view  of  the  Lake 
itself,  overlookin  it  for  an  extent  of  fourteen  miles^  to- 
gether with  the  Nort  -West  Bay,  a  range  of  mountains 
for  25  miles,  and  six  islands.  Mount  Putnam y  on  the  end 
of  the  peninsula,  .s  seen  in  the  back  ground,  and  shel- 
ving Rock  projects  into  the  lake  from  the  eastern  side. 

The  view  from  iSabbatk-day  Point  is  not  equal  to  the 
others ;  but  the  two  mountains  known  by  the  name  of 
Anthony's  nose  and  Rodgers'  Rock  are  prominent  obr^^ 
jects.  The  latter  de  ives  its  name  from  a  Maj  or  Rogers , 
who  was  attacked  here  by  a  party  of  Indians  in  the  Re- 
volutionary war.  He  escaped,  with  a  small  part  of  his 
company,  by  passing  secretly  down  a  narrow  valley  on 
the  south  side,  about  150  yards  from  the  precipice  which 
looks  upon  the  lake,  the  Indians  supposing  he  had  fallen 
from  the  rocks. 

This  beautiful  Lake  was  first  named  Lake  Sacrament 
by  the  French,  as  it  is  said,  either  because  the  water  was 
used  by  the  priests  to  supply  their  founts,  or  because  its 
purity  rendered  it  peculiarly  fit  for  that  purpose.  The 
transparency  of  the  water  seems  to  add  a  richness  to  the 
place. 

There  is  hardly  {i  region  in  the  world  where  the  din 
and  bustle  of  military  operations  would  seem  more  en- 
tirely opposed  to  the  character  and  impression  of  the 
natural  scenery  than  at  Lake  George.  The  lofty  amphi- 
theatre of  mountains  which  surround  it,^raise  their  heads 
to  a  sublime  elevation,  as  if  to  seclude  the  place  from 
the  notice  of  the  world,  and  to  contain  within  its  bounds 
the  calm  enjoyments  of  the  few  who  tread  its  romantic 
shof :  s.  But  even  in  this  far  and  still  retreat,  War  has 
often  intruded  with  her  thrilling,  trumpet  and  her  flash- 
ing steel ;  suid  though  the  pure  lake  long  since  has  lost 
the  hue  of  her  crimson  currents,  the  traces  of  her  iron 
footsteps  will  long  remain  upon  the  sloping  margin. 

Although  Lake  George,  in  ancient  times,  lay  between 
the  hostile  tribes  of  the  Five  Nations  and  the  Arondi- 

L 


■«5£^ 


I 


f 


V'!;i 


III! 


12i2 


THE  NORl'HERiN 


' 


t 


i 


1!'^ 


i. 


: 


acks,  who  waged  long  and  bitter  war  before  the  country 
was  ever  visited  by  our  European  ancestors,  tradition 
has  nothing  to  tell  us  of  deeds  of  renown,  which  fancy 
loves  to  suggest  may  have  been  performed  on  its  waters. 
The  first  martial  scene  which  history  relates  of  this  vici* 
nity  took  place  in  1609,  fthe  year  before  the  discovery 
of  the  North  River  by  Henry  Hudson,)  when  Monsieur 
Champlain,  in  exploring  tne  country,  met  a  party  of 
Iroquoise,  or  Indians  of  the  Five  Nations,  on  the  borders 
of  this  lake,  and  put  them  to  flight  with  the  sound  of 
his  fire  arms,  before  that  period  unheard  by  those  hnvt 
but  simple  warriors. 

Battle  op  Lake  George. 

In  1755,  the  year  after  the  commencement  of  what 
we  call  the  **  Old  French  War^^^  3000  men  were  sent 
out  from  France  to  Quebec,  for  the  purpose  of  taking 
Oswego  Fort.  This  was  situated  at  the  mouth  of  Oswe- 
go or  Onondago  river,  and  on  the  shore  of  Lake  Ontario. 
The  position  derived  its  consequence  from  circumstances 
whicn  no  longer  exist :  The  Indian  trade  from  up  tiie  J 
Lakes,  the  facility  of  communication  with  the  Five  Na- 
tions  through  this  place,  and  the  peculiar  nature  of  the 
shores  of  Lake  Ontario,  which  would  not  permit  canoe 
navigationon  the  other  side.  There  the  two  great  branch- 
es of  Indian  trade  concentrated ;  and  the  nation  which 
held  possession  of  the  point  must  necessarily  sway  a 
great  influence  over  the  Indians  themselves :  an  advan- 
tage frequently  of  still  greater  importance  to  the  country. 
Oswego  Fort  naturally  became  an  object  to  both  the 
French  and  the  English  at  that  time,  and  it  formed  a 
prominent  figure  in  the  history  of  the  war.  Being  in 
quiet  possession  of  the  little  fortress  at  the  commence- 
ment of  hostilities,  its  defence  might  doubtless  have 
been  easily  secured,  had  their  operations  been  conduct- 
ed with  common  prudence  and  energy.  Unfortunately 
they  were  conducted  in  a  very  different  manner  ;  and 
whoever  would  see  a  clear  and  able  history  of  the  first 
English  expeditions  in  that  war,  and  of  the  political  par- 
ly spirit  which  then  ruled  in  this  country  and  rendered 
them  worse  than  ineffectual,  U  referred  to  ''A  Letter  fo 
n  Lord.^^  written  soon  after. 


I' 

i; 


TKAVELLEK. 


US 


In  1755  Gen.  Johnson,  (afterwards  Sir  William,) 
Inarched  to  the  south  end  of  Lake  George  with  a  consi- 
derable number  of  men,  joined  by  the  famous  Capt. 
Hendrick,  with  many  Indians  of  the  Five  Nations,  in- 
tending to  take  Fort  Frederick,  now  Crown  Point  Gen. 
Dieskau  was  sent  to  oppose  him,  with  3000  men,  prin- 
cipally taken  from  a  body  of  French  troops  sent  out  to 
Oaebec,  600  of  whom  had  fallen  into  the  hands  of  Admi  j 
nl  Boscawen  at  sea.  Dieskau  had  first  designed  to  be- 
sei^e  Fort  Oswego.  At  Fort  Frederick  or  Crown  Point, 
be  remained  some  time,  and  then  determined  to  go  and 
meet  the  English.  He  therefore  went  up  the  South 
Bay,  where  learning  the  situation  of  Fort  Lyraan,  (now 
Fort  Edward^)  he  wished  to  attack  it  and  cut  off  the 
tttreat  of  Gen.  Johnson.  The  Indians  and  Canadians, 
however,  were  in  dread  of  the  cannon  with  which  it  was 
suftposed  to  be  defended,  and  he  was  obliged  to  march 
against  Johnson, 

Sunday,  Sept.  7th,  at  niidnight,  a  scout  brought  Joh»- 
m  intelligence  that  DiCskau  was  coming.  1200  men 
were  sent  out  in  the  morning,  under  the  command  oi 
Col.  Ephraim  Williams,  who  met  them  at  Rocky  Brook, 
dmwa  up  in  a  semicircle,  into  whieh  the  English  en- 
terd  befoie  they  knew  it  A  heavy  fire  from  three  sides 
first  showed  thiem  the  position  of  their  enemies.  The 
English  Atood  their  ground  valiantly ;  but  Col.  Williams 
and  Hendrick  being  both  shot  down,  together  with  many 
others,  they  were  obliged  to  begin  their  retreat,  whieu 
was  conducted  by  Col.  Whiting  with  the  greatest  cool- 
ness and  success. 

The  centre  of  the  English  army  was  posted  on  the  hill 
where  Fort  George  now  stands,  and  the  French  were 
discovered  by  them  at  half  past  11.  Dieskau  halted  at  the 
sight  of  his  enemies,  probably  entertaining  some  mistsr 
ken  idea  of  the  strength  of  tuelr  position,  and  gave  them 
time  to  recover  from  their  panic.  The  ground  on  both 
sides  of  the  English  camp  was  marshy  and  covered  with 
trees,  and  Dieskau  sent  his  Indians  out  on  the  right  flank 
and  the  Canadians  on  the  left  to  surround  them.  Col. 
Pomeroy  however  soon  put  the  former  to  flight  with  a 
few  cannon  shots.  Dieskau  then  brought  up  nis  troops 
in  front  and  made  them  fire  by  platoons,  with  very  little 


i! 


"^'H,m:.'n 


1i  !i  1  'i 


1l: 


124 


THE  NORTHERN 


effect.    Gen.  Johnson,  (happily  for  his  own  troops,)  was 
slightly  wounded  in  the  thigh,  and  hpi!  to  walk  back  to 
his  tent,  leaving  the  command  with  <j    *.  Lyman.    He 
directed  the  defence  for  five  hours,  aide ..   y  Capt.  Eyre's 
artillery;    when  the  French  turned  upon  the  English 
right,  which  coneisted  o.  Ruggles's,  Pomeroy'    and  Tit- 
comb's  regimets,  ind  extended  from   he  road  to  ^here 
Fort  VVm.    Henry   ^vas  afterwards  built.     Here  they 
fought  an  hour,  but  the  English  and   i  dians  charging 
them  the    took  to  flight  and  many  were  killed.     Gen 
Dieskau  himself  was  found  leaning  agaist  a  stump  wound- 
ed— a  soldier  approaching  saw  him  put  his  h  nd  to  his 
waist,  tot  ke  out  his  watch  which  he  intended  to  offer 
to  him,  and  supposing  he  was  drawing  u  pistol,  shot  him 
through  the  thigh.    He  was  carried  to  the  fort  b    eight 
men  in  a  blanket,  and  it  is  said  deterred  Johnson  from 
ordering  a  pursuit,  by  saying  he  h  d  a  strong  force  near 
at  hand.     Gen.  Lym  n  ur  ed  to  follow  up  their  victory; 
but  that  was  probably  a  sufficient  reason  for  its  being 
refused  by  a  superior  officer,  who  looked  upon  his  light 
talents  with  jealousy,  and,  in  spite  of  the  advantage  the 
country  had  derived  from  his  services,  at  a  time  when 
they  were  peculiarly  valuable,  did  not  even  mention  the 
name  of  Gen.  Lyman  in  his  account  of  the  battle  !— 
Johnson  was  made  a  Baronet,  and  Lyman  lingered  out 
a  few  years  in  poverty  and  disappo  ntment,  and  died 
without  receiving  even  the  notice  of  the  British  govern- 
ment. 

The  English  are  said  to  have  lost  only  216  n  killed 
and  96  wounded.  Gen.  Dieskau  estimated  his  own  loss 
at  1000 — the  English  called  it  much  less.  The  rinci* 
pal  were  a  Maj.  reneral,  and  M.  de  St.  Pierre  the  com- 
mander of  the  India  s.  The  Fre?  ch  lost  thei  baggage 
during  the  action,  left  two  miles  in  their  rei.r,  it  being 
attacked  by  Captains  Folsoin  a  d  Mc  Gnnies  with  about 
100  New-York  troops;  who  then  lay  in  wait  for  th  re- 
treating French,  and  killed  great  numbers  of  them. 

Gen  Johnson  might  have  taken  Crown  Point ;  but  he 
delayed  so  long,  that  the  French  advanced  to  Ticonde- 
roga  and  there  fortified  themselves  securely. 

But  the  Battle  of  Lake  George  i  not  the  only  nor  the 
most  sanguinary  scene  of  former  times  which  t'le  travel 
lev  has  totrace  on  this  sadly  interesting  spot.    The  histo- 


TRAVELLER. 


125 


rvof  the  French  War  recites  a  melancholy  tale  of  blood 


rv  01  me  K  rencn  war  recites  a  meianctioJ 
Mhere,  only  two  years  afterwards,  in 


THE  CAPTURE  AND  MASSACRE  OF  FORT 
WILLIAM  HENRY. 

So  different  was  the  state  of  the  country  sixty  years 
ago,  and  so  much  in  its  infancy  was  the  art  of  wai*  in 
these  wild  regions,  that  a  small  work  of  earth  thrown  up 
on  this  site  and  called  Fort  Wm.  Henry  was  regarded  as 
afortress  of  considerable  strength  and  consequence.  It 
ijindeed  faroverlooked  by  the  neighbouring  high  ground, 
bat  probably  the  difficulty  of  dragging  cannon  over  rocks 
and  hills  covered  with  forests  was  then  considered  a 
safficient  obstacle  to  its  performance,  and  probably  for 
this  reason  Oswego  fort  was  built  in  a  similar  situation 
and  left  so  till  taken  by  the  French. 

In  1757  the  Earl  of  Loudon,  British  commander  in 
Chief  in  America,  made  an  unsuccessful  attempt  by  sea 
against  Louisburgh ;  and  before  his  return  to  New  York 
in  August,  the  French  from  Ticonderoga  under  the  Mar- 
quis de  Montcalm,  had  made  three  attacks  on  Fort  Wm. 
Henry.  On  the  1st  of  August  they  set  out  again,  and  land- 
ed at  Frenchman's  point.  On  the  evening  of  the  2d  they 
crossed  to  the  west  side  of  Lake  George,  within  two 
miles  of  the  fort,  and  the  next  morning  sent  in  their  sum- 
mons. Col.  Monroe  defended  himselfresolutely  forsix 
days,  hoping  relief  from  Col.  Webb  and  his  6000  men  at 
Fort  Edward  ;  but  having  waited  in  vain,  and  burst  ten 
of  his  largest  cannon,  he  was  obliged  to  surrender,  and 
inarched  out  with  the  honours  of  war  and  an  assurance 
of  being  protected  from  the  Indians  in  Montcalm's  army. 

He  had  gone  but  a  litte  way  however,  when  the  salva- 
ges fell  upon  his  troops  and  butchered  about  1600,  men, 
women  and  children.  "I  was  a  little  child,"  saysPr. 
Dwight,  "  when  it  took  place,  and  distinctly  remember 
the  strong  emotions  which  it  every  where  excited,  and 
which  hitherto  time  has  not  been  able  to  efface.  From 
that  time  to  the  present  it  has  been  ephatically  known 
by  the  appellation  of  the  Massacre  at  Fort  William 
Henry." 

Gen.  Webb's  conduct  was  most  inhuman.  The  pro- 
L2 


Pi 


f. 


i 


J 


12« 


THE  NORTHERN 


vincial  troops  were  kept  under  arms  for  one  whole  day 
after  the  news  of  the  siege  arrived  at  Fort  Edward,  and 
Sir  Wm.  Johnson  was  very  desirous  to  march  with  them, 
to  its  relief;  but  Webb  ordered  thom  back  to  their  quar- 
ters, and  sent  a  messenger  to  Col.  Monroe  advising  him 
to  surrender. 

ATTACK  ON  FORT  TICONDEROGA. 

The  south  end  of  Lake  George  was  the  scene  of  a 
splendid  embarkation  on  t  e  4th  of  July  of  the  follow- 
ing year,  [1758,]  when  10,(X)0  provincial  troops  and  6  or 
7000  regulars  assembled  at  this  place  to  proceed  against 
Ticonderoga.*  1036  boats  were  drawn  t^p  t«.  the  shore 
one  clear  delightful  summer  morning,  ana  were  speedi- 
ly filled  with  this  powerful  army,  excepting  oaly  a  small 
body  lefi  with  the  baggage.  Success  was  confidently 
expected,  and  the  appearance  of  the  train  was  more  like 
that  of  a  triumphal  return  from  war.  The  boats  were 
decorated  with  gaudy  streamers,  and  the  oars  moved  to 
martial  music. 

The  traveller  will  follow  their  route  in  the  steam  boat 
for  which  see  beyond,  page  129. 

They  landed  at  the  north  end  of  the  lake  on  the  fol- 
lowing morning,  and  were  ordered  to  march  on  in  four 
columns.  The  obstructions  of  the  forest  however,  soon 
broke  their  ranks ;  when  Lord  Howe  and  his  centre  col» 
nmn  falling  in  with  the  enemy's  advance  guard,  who 
were  on  their  retreat  and  bewildered,  was  attacked  with 
a  sudden  war  whoop  and  immediately  killed.  The  pro- 
vincials were  accustomed  to  the  woods,  and  drove  back 
their  enemies,  killing  about  300,  and  taking  148  prison- 
ers, and  all  returned  to  the  landing.  In  the  morning  Col. 
Bradstreet  took  possession  of  the  mill  at  the  great  falls  on 
the  river,  and  the  arihy  were  soon  brought  up  to  the 
French  lines,  which  were  thrown  up  across  the  isthmus 
and  not  finished.  This  intrenchment  is  still  to  be  seen 
intolerable  preservation.  It  had  two  redoubts,  and  a 
deep  abattis,  and  is  said  to  have  been  8  or  9  feet  high, 

*  Lord  Howe  who  accompanied  this  expedition  was  a  young  no- 
bleman of  amiable  disposition  and  the  most  prepossessing  manerSf 
and  was  almost  idolized  by  the  army,  as  well  as  admired  and  loved 
bv  the  country. 


TRAVELLER. 


Iii7 


e  steam  boat 


irert  and  loved 


though  that  seemo  improbable.  The  attack  was  vigor- 
ous and  the  defence  obstinate.  The  battle  continued 
four  hours,  during  which  the  English  were  repulsed  three 
times.  A  cannon  or  two  on  Mount  Defiance  would  have 
cleared  the  peninsula.  The  Highland  regiment  distin- 
guished itself,  and  suffered  severely.  The  English  loss, 
in  all,  was  1944,  principally  re{;,ulars ;  the  F'rench  very  tri- 
lling, although  they  are  said  not  to  have  imagined  tho 
defence  possible.  Their  force  is  so  differently  stated 
thitt  it  is  not  easy  to  decide  whether  it  was  120(.>  or  «000. 
Notwit  standing  his  superiority  of  force,  Abercrombie 
shamefully  ordered  a  retreat ;  and  thus  terminated  the 
operations  of  the  year. 

The  scene  presented  to  the  strang^er  on  this  spot  is 
of  a  character  strong^ly  contrasted  with  the  tumultuous 
military  deeds  which  have  rendered  it  famous.  The 
neighbouring;  mountains,  indeed,  are  almost  as  wild  and 
solitary  as  they  were  at  that  time ;  but  the  hand  of  cul- 
tivation has  been  gradually  levelling  the  forest  that  once 
covered  the  valley,  and  taught  the  level  fields  the  smilo 
of  fertility  and  peace.  The  old  embankment  may  still 
be  traced  quite  across  the  isthmus,  and  the  visitor  may 
easily  fancy  he  discovers  points  where  the  attacks  of  the 
assailants  were  most  furiously  directed  ;  but  no  tradition, 
it  is  believed  has  been  found,  to  assist  the  imagination,  by 
pointing  out  any  particular  spot  as  the  scene  of  an  indi- 
vidual's triumph  or  fall. 

On  entering  the  farm  of  Mr.  William  F.  Pell  of  New 
York,  which  includes  the  rest  of  the  peninsula,  the  eye  is 
immediately  struck  with  the  regularity  of  the  ground, 
which,  for  an  extent  of  040  acres,  seems  worthy  to  be 
selected  for  a  parade  ;  and  every  one  must  reflect  with  a 
new  interest  on  the  deeds  of  arms  which  have  been  per- 
Ibrmed  on  this  beautiful  plain.  The  stillness  which 
usually  pervades  the  place,  combined  with  the  idea  of 
seclusion  and  loneliness  produced  by  the  surrounding 
mountains,  naturally  disposes  the  mind  to^^  kind  of  ro- 
mantic musing,  which  awakens  at  onee  tl%e,  excitement, 
and  the  ardour  of  battle,  keeping  out  of  sight  all  sober 
reflections  on  the  real  merits  of  the  cause,  as  well  as  the 
waste  of  blood  and  the  bitterness  of  private  sufferings, 
and  throwing  upon  the  scene  the  gaiety  and  brilliancy 
of  a  tournament.    There  are  few  sites  in  our  country 


■  I 


i.:^ 


12« 


1H£  iNORTHERN. 


that  can  be  compared  with  this  for  a  combination  of  na- 
tural and  moral  interest.  It  is  true,  that  the  deeds  with 
which  it  is  connected  cannot  boast  of  the  antiquity  which 
migles  with  Eupropean  scene? ,  for  theii;,  history  is  far 
older  than  even  our  most  reverend  traditions ;  but  here  we 
contemplate  the  events  of  a  past  generation,  among  cir» 
cumstances  widely  different,  and  when  the  interests  of 
that  period,  no  less  than  the  individuals  themselves,  have 
long  disappeared,  and  are  revived  only  by  the  aid  of 
imagination. 

But  Ticonderoga  is  celebrated  for  other  and  more  re- 
cent events  than  those  of  the  French  war.  At  the  com- 
mencement of  the  revolution,  this  fortress,  with  that  of 
Crown  Point,  was  surprised  by  Colonels  Allen  and  Ar- 
nold in  May,  1775,  and  held  by  the  United  States  until 
taken  by  General  Burgoyne  in  1777. 

The  sketch  which  has  been  already  given  of  his  expedi- 
tion need  not  be  here  repeated.  Ticonderoga  had  been 
considerably  strengthened  by  new  works,  and  the  coun  • 
try  placed  great  confidence  in  its  strength,  as  well  as  in 
t/ie  ability  of  General  St.  Clair,  who  v  -s  placed  in 
the  command.  The  fortress  was  invested  on  the  1st  and 
2d  of  July.  On  the  4th  the  British  had  taken  a  post  on 
the  summit  of  Mount  Defiance,  which  rises  within  1400 
yards  of  the  peninsula,  and  so  entirely  commands  it  as 
to  render  any  further  defence  utterly  hopeless.  The 
following  night  therefore,  General  St.  Clair  blew  up  the 
fortress,  evacuated  Ticonderoga,  and  proceeded  down 
Lake  George,  leaving  this  key  of  the  country  in  the 
enemies'  hands,  and  spreading  terror  and  dismay  by  his 
precipitate  retreat. 

The  last  period  of  importance  in  the  history  of  this 
j)lace,  is  the  recovery  of  it  by  General  Arnold,  who  took 
it  by  surprise  in  October,  1777,  after  the  defeat  of  Bur- 
goyne. The  fortress  ijtill  wears  a  formidable  appearance, 
having  been  built  after  the  European  fashion  prevalent 
in  those  days,  and  presenting  a  great  display  of  massive 
stone-work,  from  the  foundation  to  the  summit.  The 
rlevttion  which  it  occupies  is  commanding  when  viewed 
from  the  water,  and  the  marks  of  fire  which  still  remain 
on  the  ruins,  add  to  its  venerable  aspect.  The  subterra- 
nean magazines  are  in  good  preservation,  with  storr- 


'\ 


\ 


TRAVELLER. 


ix>9 


houses  and  kitchens,  likewise  under  ground.  The  cover- 
ed ways  and  advanced  works  are  also  substantially  built 
of  stone  ;  and  the  main  building  will  be  viewed  as  a  cu- 
riosity by  thos'e  who  arfi  not  familiar  with  large  military 
edifices.  The  south  gate  is  in  pretty  good  preservation, 
and  1?  that  by  which  Arnold  entered  when  he  surprised 
the  garrison. 

Oil  the  shore  below  is  an  old  stone  stor^  aouse.  Across 
the  river  is  an  mn;  and  those  who  are  willmg  to  undertake 
the  ascent  of  Mount  Defiance  will  find  there  the  re- 
mams  of  the  British  battery.  The  rocks  on  the  penin- 
sula are  black  limestone. 

STEAM-BOAT  ON  LAKE  GEORGE. 

The  steam-boat  leaves  Caldwell  at  7  A.  M.  Tuesdays 
and  Saturdays,  for  Ticonderoga.;  and  returns  on  the  same 
days,  leaving  Ticonderoga  at  2  F.  M. 

« 

STEAM-BOAT  ON  LAKE  CH4MPLAIN. 


following' 


This  boat  leaves  Whitehall  Thursdays  and  Saturdays 
at  2  P.  M.  for  St.  John's,  and  stops  at  the 
places : 

TiGon''eroga,    -    -    -    -       24  m. 

Crown  Point,    -    -     -     -       15 

Basin  Harbour,     -     -     - 

Essex,     --.----. 


Burlington,       -    -     -     - 

Port  Kent,  ----- 

Plattsburgh,     -    -     -     - 

Chazy,   ------ 

Chami'laiii,  Rouse^s  Point, 
St.  John's  in  Lower  Canada, 


12 
10 
14 
16 
8 
15 
12 
24 


price 


U 
ii 

(I 

it 


150 


pi  50 
1  00 
0  50 
0  50 
0  50 
0  oO 

0  50 

1  00 

0  50 

1  50 

8  00 


It  leaves  St.  John  s  Mondays  ana  Fridays,  at  8  A.  M. 

REMARKS. 

Althougli  many  travellers  will  proceed  up  lake.  Cham- 


1  n 


M'f  ■; 


m 


Mr 


130 


THE  NORTHERN 


5 


plain  from  this  place,  and  pursue  their  journey  to  IVZou^ 
treal,  yet  the  ^eater  portion  will  make  this  the  north* 
ern  point  of  their  journey,  and  return  to  the  Springs. 
For  the  convenience  of  both,  we  shall  therefore  first  de- 
scribe the  principal  objects  and  scenes  along  the  road  to 
Saratoga^  following  the  circuit  of  tho  Hudson.  After- 
wards, (and  a  few  pages  beyond  this  place,)  we  shall  be- 
gin the  route  from  Whitehall  to  Montreal^  after  a  brief 
sketch  of  the  direct  road  from  the  river  to  the  former  of 
these  two  places. 

Return  from  Lake  George  to  the  Sprikqs. 

Bloody  Pond,  4  miles,  where  the  soldiers  were 
thrown  in,  who  were  killed  in  the  action  between  Gen. 
Dieskau  and  Col.  Williams.     See  page  1 18. 

Ro€KT  Brook,  the  place  of  that  action. 

Glbnw's  Falls.    6  miles  further.    See  page  116, 

The  unvarying  and  uninteresting  character  of  the 
road  from  this  place  to  Saratoga,  spoken  of  already,  may 
plead  as  a  second  reason  for  choos^ing  the  route  by  the 
river,  which  is  rendered  unusually  interesting  by  passing 
Baker's  Fall's,  Fort  Edward,  Fort  Miller,  and  the  field  of 
Gen.  Burgoyne's  surrender,  besides  running  for  some 
miles  by  the  side  of  the  Champlain  Canal.  It  also  pas- 
ses near  the  canal  cut  for  a  feeder  to  this  great  Ca- 
nah 

SAND¥  HILL.  3  miles. 


The  village  of  Sandy  Hill  has  a  thriving  aspect 
and  contains  some  very  good  houses.  Like  almost  all 
other  places  upon  and  near  the  canals,  it  already  feels 
some  of  the  good  effects  of  an  increased  demand  for  the 
produce  of  the  country,  and  a  more  extensive  distribution 
of  the  manufactures  of  distant  parts  of  the  United  States 
and  of  the  world.     See  page  116. 

BAKER'S  FALLS 

arc  worthy  of  particular  attention,  and  are  seen  to  great 
advantage  from  some  parts  of  the  bank.  The  whole 
descent  of  the  river  at  this  place  is  about  75  feet,  but 


TRAVELLER. 


131 


does  not  offer  so  imposing^  a  spectacle  at  any  point  as 
Glenn's  Falls.     The  finest  view  is  fi*om  the  bank  below. 


f  I 


FORT  MILLER. 

This  place  is  mentioned  here,  because  it  could  not  be 
conveniently  introduced  before.  The  village  still  retains 
the  name  of  a  fort  erected  on  thft  west  side  of  the  river, 
in  former  times.  It  was  a  W0i^"k  of  insignificant  size, 
situated  on  the  bank  of  the  river,  and  near 

.       ^        MILLER'S  FALLS. 

The  descent  of  the  river  here  is  rapid,  and  over  a  bro- 
ken channel.  The  falls  were  formerly  considered  im- 
passable with  safety,  until  General  Putnam  performed 
it  while  stationed  at  Fort  Miller,  in  the  French  war. 
Had  danger  and  difficulty  not  been  supposed  to  attend  the 
enterprise,  Putnam  would  hardly  have  embarked  in  it. 
When  his  country  commanded  not  his  exertions,  some 
degree  of  danger  was  necessary  to  stimulate  his  gigantic 
spirit ;  and  many  a  scene  like  this  bears  a  tradition  ol 
that  hardy  warrior,  who  would  grapple  with  nature  it- 
self when  she  opposed  his  way,  and  whose  life  is  destined 
to  be  long  the  favourite  model  of  old  revolutionary 
times,  at  the  fire-sides  of  New-England.  He  is  an 
unique  and  consistent  character — at  the  Horse-Neck  pre- 
cipice, in  the  cave  of  the  wolf,  at  Bunker  Hill,  and  in 
the  midnight  meeting  with  Prcscott — ^he  was  Putnam 
every  where. 


'M 


THE  GREAT  DAM. 

Between  Baker's  Falls  and  Fort  Edward,  a  large  and 
expensive  dam  has  been  built  across  the  river,  and  a 
canal  cut  along  the  bank  to  open  a  passage  for  boats. 
The  dam  is  9C6  feet  long. 


FORT  EDWARD. 

Tills  village  was  built  in  the  neighbourhood  of  a  fort 
raised  during  the  war  of  1755  for  the  defence  of  this 


im 


THE  NORTHERIN 


\\i 


1 

fflHi 

[i 

1 

^B 

m 

^ 

i 

RE 

:i 

!         1 

Mm 

HI 

1 

■ 

n 

i  „ 

Bw< 

1 

i^ 

1 

point  of  the  river.  It  was  first  called  Fort  Ljinan^  after 
General  Lyman ,  of  whom  we  have  already  had  occasion 
to  make  honjurable  mention  at  Lake  George.  This 
spot  was  formerly  called  the  First  Carrying  Place,  being 
the  point  where,  in  the  expeditions  against  Canada,  the 
the  troops,  stores,  &c.  were  landed  and  taken  by  Und 
to  Wood  Creek,  a  distance  of  12  miles,  where  they  were 
again  embarked.  The  boats  which  had  served  for  the 
transportation  fiom  Albany,  were  frequently  taken  up 
tind  transported  in  their  turn,  particularly  the  birch  ca- 
noes, which  were  provided  m  great  numbers  for  the  ex- 
pedition undertaken  in  1711. 

[For  some  details  concerning  this  expedition,  see  "  the 
Private  Journal  of  tht  Rev,  Mr.  Buckingham.^^  This 
little  remnant  of  antiquity  has  been  lately  published  in 
New-York,  with  ''''Madam  Knight"^ s  Diary  of  a  Journey 
from  Boston  to  New  York  in  1704."  They  both  contain 
a  picture  of  the  country  which  contrasts  most  surprising- 
ly with  its  present  aspect.] 

THE  CHAiVIPLAIN  CANAL 

leaves  tl.e  Hudson  River  at  this  place,  following  nearly 
the  course  formerly  taken  to  the  *•  Second  Carrying 
'Flace^^  at  Fort  Anne.  Here  passes  the  Stage  Coach  for 
Whitehall. 

There  is  a  regular  packet  boat  plying  to  that  place  on 
the  canal. 

Below  Fort  Edward,  the  river  is  used  as  a  continua- 
tion of  the  canal  for  8  miles,  to  Miller's  falls,  where  a  dam 
is  built  across  tc  raise  the  water  sufficient!)'  for  boats. 

The  remains  of  tfie  Fort  are  to  be  seen,  and  its  size  and 
li^ure  can  be  easily  traced.  It  was  once  in  imminent 
danger  of  capture,  by  Gen.  Dieskau,  but  preserved  by 
the  unexpected  circumstance  of  the  panic  which  seized 
many  of  his  troops  on  the  report  that  it  was  defended  by 
cannon.  It  was  then  the  only  bulwark  and  salvation  of 
the  country  from  the  evils  of  invasion.  In  1777  it  was 
taken  by  Gen.  Burgoyne,  and  just  before  that  event,  oc- 
curred, 


tLjman,  alter 
y  had  occasiou 
-eor-e.    This 
rl&ce,  being 
!t  Canada,  the 
aken  by  l^m^ 
ere  they  were 
'erved  for  the 
ntiy  taken  up 
the  birch  ca- 
5rs  for  the  ex- 

ititn^see^Uhe 

?ham.''    This 

P'lbh'shed  ia 

of  a  Journey 

both  contain 

)st  surprising. 


>wingf  nearly 
^  Carrying 
g:e  Coach  for 


a  continua- 
whereadam 
for  boats. 

d  its  size  and 
n  imminent 
reserved  by 
i^hich  seized 
ilefended  by 
salvation  of 
'777  it  was 
t  ey^nX^  oc- 


TRAVELLER 
THE  MURDER  OF  MISS  MC.  CREA, 


V3iA 


This  melancholly  tale  is  calculated  to  affect  the  fee- 
lings with  more  deep  and  unmingled  regret,  than  that  of 
any  other  of  those  hundreds  and  thousands  of  individu- 
als who  at  different  periods  have  stained  these  fatal  re- 
gions with  their  blood.  It  is  not  intended  that  the  suf- 
ferings of  Miss  Mc  Crea  were  unexampled,  but  that  her 
history  and  her  fate  have  been  published  in  detail,  and 
that  the  circumstances  in  which  the  country  then  was, 
made  it  appear  but  the  forerunner  of  unbounded  atro- 
cities. 

Miss  Mc  Crea  lived  in  the  village  of  Fort  Edward. — 
In  the  revolutionary  war,  a  young  man  named  Jones,  to 
whom  she  was  betrothed,  having  attached  himself  to  the 
English  cause  and  joined  their  forces  in  Ca*:  ida,  was 
invested  with  a  captain's  command  in  Gen.  Burgoyne's 
army.  After  ihe  retreat  of  the  Americans  from  the 
Lake,  and  while  the  British  were  approaching,  he  sent 
a  party  of  Indians  to  Fort  Edward  to  bring  his  intended 
bride  to  him,  that  he  might  secure  her  safety.  She  was 
\^ery  unwilling  to  leave  her  fathf^r's  house,  and  hesitated 
some  time  before  she  consented  to  his  request.  She  at 
length  however  set  out  to  join  Lor  lover,  and  proceed- 
ed with  her  savage  conductors  on  the  road  towards  Fort 
Anne.  They  had  gone  only  half  a  mile  when  the  Indi- 
ans stopped  to  drink  at  a  spring  which  still  flows  by  the 
way  side  ;  and  while  here  were  met  by  another  party 
of  Indians  despatched  to  hasten  them  on.  Those  who 
came  last  imagining  that  they  had  a  right  to  undertake 
the  convov  of  the  lady,  as  well  to  receive  the  reward 
which  might  be  expected  on  her  safe  arrival,  atte;iipted 
to  take  her  under  their  charge  ;  but  the  others,  being 
determined  not  to  give  her  up  alive,  bound  her  to  a 
tree  that  is  yet  standing  n*;ar  the  spring,  and  shot  her 
dead  with  their  muskete.  Locks  of  her  hair  were  borne 
to  her  lover,  to  prove  that  the  Indians  had  performed 
what  they  considered  their  duty  to  their  employer. 

This  stoiy  rang  through  the  country;  and  it  was  re- 
ported that  Gen  Burgoyne  encouraged  or  at  least  per- 
mitted the  murder.  In  indignant  terms  he  denied  the 
vharge,  and  there  appears  no  probabilitv  that  he  had 
M 


■. 


H 


4 


3 


f 


134 


THE  NORTHERJN 


the  least  knowledge  of  it  before  it  happened.  He  how- 
ever was  justly  chargeable  with  a  great  offence  against 
humanity  in  bringing  tribes  of  savages  in  his  train,  whose 
barbarity  he  could  never  be  sure  of  restraining  if  ever 
so  much  inclined  to  do  it.    With  many  persons  in  all 

Sarts  of  the  country,  the  melancholy  death  of  this  un* 
appy  young  lady,  raised  a  lively  sentiment  of  horror 
against  their  enemies,  and  no  doubt  animated  many  a 
heart  with  a  fresh  spirit  of  resistance. 

Captain  Jones,  the  unfortunate  lover,  is  said  to  have 
led  a  heart-broken  life  for  a  few  years,  and  at  length  to 

have  fallen  a  victim  to  melancholy  and  self  reproach 

The  impression  of  this  event  must  have  been  permanent ; 
for  the  circumstances  would  neither  permit  him  to  doubt 
of  her  attachment,  nor  to  forget  that  he  was  l^e  cause  of 
her  sufferings. 

JOURNEY  TO  WHITEHALL. 

Those  who  are  going  to  Canada  will  of  course  go  to 
Whitehall  and  take  the  steam  boat  for  Lake  Champlain, 
of  which  some  useful  information  will  be  found  on 
page  136. 

The  first  12  miles  are  across  the  country  by  the  Short- 
est route  to  Wood  Creek. 

FORT  ANNE. 

This  was  called  the  Second  Carrying  Place,  as  we 
have  before  remarked,  the  troops  and  stores  being  for- 
merly re  embarked,  on  the  expeditions  against  Canada. 
The  canal  of  course  has  rendered  this  expensive  operation 
unnecessary;  and  goods  are  now  transported  between 
Hudson  River  and  Lake  Champlain  without  difficulty 
or  exposure,  and  at  a  very  light  expense. 

From  Fort  Anne  to  Whitehall,  the  canal  follows  the 
course  of  Wood  Creek,  and  the  road  runs  for  a  consid- 
erable part  of  the  way  along  its  bank. 

WHITEHALL. 

Twelve  miles  by  the  canal ;  eleven  miles  by  the  road' 
This  village  is  situated  at  the  extremity  of  East  Bay, 
an  arm  of  Lake  Champlain.    The  Steam  Boat  leaves 


TRAVjaLLEU. 


13,1 


Iiere  every  Thursday  and  Saturday,  for  St.  John's,  on  the 
way  to  Montreal,  and  stops  at  the  following  places: 

Ticondero^a,       -        -        24m.  price  $1  dO 
[See  page  126  tor  a  description 
and  history  of  this  fortess.] 

Crown  Point,       •         -       15  -        1 

Basin  Harbour,    -        -        12  -          60 

Essex,                   •         •        10  •60 

Burlington,          •         -        14  •60 

Port  Kent,            -         -        16  •          60 

Plattsbugh,           -         -         8  •          60 

Chazy,                  -        -        15  -       1 

Champlain,  (Rouse's  Point.)  12  -          50 

St.  John's  Lower  Canada,    24  -       1  60 


150 


8  00 


ACE,  as  We 
being  for- 
st  Canada. 
J  operation 
I  Dctween 
'  difficulty 

)llows  the 
a  consid- 


the  road' 
Sast  Bay, 
t  leaves 


Geology. 

The  rocks  here  are  principally  Stratified  Gneiss.  In 
going  up  the  lake  they  are  succeeded  by  lime  stone. 

At  Whitehall  will  be  seen  the  hulks  of  the  ships  taken 
by  Commodore  Mc  Donough  from  Captain  Downey,  on 
liake  Champlain,  during  the  late  war  with  Great  Britain. 

Here  was  burnt,  during  the  revolutionary  war  the 
flotilla  collected  for  the  attack  of  Montreal. 

[The  traveller  may  pursue  his  way  along  the  course  of 
the  lake  by  land,  as  there  is  a  stage  road.  The  country 
is  romantic,  and  the  soil  fertile  and  well  cultivated ;  but 
the  Lake  will  hardly  be  seen  at  all,  and  the  fatigue  is  of 
course  much  greater  than  in  the  steam  boat.  The  latter 
mode  must  thereibre  be  recommended  for  pleasure  and 
convenience ;  and  the  traveller  may  land  at  any  of  the 
points  mentioned  iu  the  list  of  the  route. 

HoADs  TO  Connecticut  River. 

There  are  roads  with  regular  stage  coaches  establish- 
ed upon  them,  running  from  Castleton  and  Burlington  to 
several  points  on  Connecticut  River,  and  either  of  them 
may  be  taken  on  the  route  to  Boston.  See  page  1 13,  and 
the  Index. 


Vi:  ,,« 


.'■  !    '<K 


136 


THE  NORTHERN 

Caslletoiu 


1^ 


This  is  a  siTiall  town,  but  contains  a  medical  academy 
of  some  importance. 

Rutland 

is  a  considerable  village,  like  many  of  the  Vermont 
towns,  with  a  remarkable  appearance  of  neatness  and 
beauty.] 

TICONDFHOGA,  24  miles  from  Whitcfiall, 

^ee  Page  126. 

CROWN  POINT,  15  miles  from  Ticonderoga. 

The  sight  of  this  place,  or  even  a  glance  at  the  situa^ 
lion  on  the  map,  is  suficient  to  show  its  importance  as  a 
military  post,  in  those  periods  when  the  country  be- 
twen  Albany  and  Montreal  was  a  wilderness,  and  n* 
boundaries  acknowledged  between  the  two  hostile  peo- 
ple by  whom  they  were  inhabited. 

This  spot,  from  its  natural  position,  acquired  a  decree 
of  importance  from  the  moment  that  the  French  began 
their  voyages  of  discovery  and  of  depredation  up  the 
Lakes.  Indeed  if  history  could  refer  to  still  earlier 
times,  and  recount  the  military  affairs  of  the  Aborigines 
before  the  arrival  of  Europeans,  we  should  doubtless  be 
able  to  associate  many  more  interesting  circumstances 
with  this  remarkable  spot, 

Crown  Point  was  frequently  occupied  in  the  early 
wars  between  the  French  and  English  as  a  place  of 
landing  and  embarkation,  and  consequently  as  a  place 
of  temporary  encampment  and  delay.  In  the  old  jour- 
nal of  Mr.  Buckingham,  to  which  we  have  before  refer- 
red, it  is  mentioned  as  the  principal  point  against  which 
the  land  expedition  of  1711  was  directed;  but  no  regu- 
lar fort  wasbuili  on  the  spot  until  the  year  1734  when 
the  French  determined  to  strengthen  it  in  proportion  to 
lis  importance. 

Here  General  Dieskau  remained  some  time  before  he 


m 


dical  academy 


the  Vermont 
neatness  and 


iitehall. 


''ideroga* 

e  at  the  situa^ 
portance  as  a 
country  be* 
ness,  and  n* 
>  hostile  peo- 

red  a  degree 
Vehch  began 
ition  up  the 
still  earlier 
e  Aborigines 
doubtless  be 
rcumstances 

in  the  early 
a  place  of 
7  as  a  place 
le  oldjour- 
efore  refer- 
linst  whicli 
)ut  no  regu- 
1734  when 
[•oportion  to 

e  before  he 


aj» 


1 

In^B' 

HH 

1 

1 

1 

^^^1 

\ 


-1. 


\ 


Sccher 


[Qiesta.^ 


proceede 
Crown  P 
English ; 
the  Amei 
ury  war. 
of  Gener 
prised  an 
Every 
of  these 
iieighboij 
in  tracinj 
various 
To  such 
mation  1 
has  mad 
ments  re 
this  regi< 
with  mi 
with  gre 
the  com 
hope  th 
will  not 
thor  is 
author  c 
the  hist 


Thisi 
l)ly  Inte 
Lalte  C 
neighbc 
Here  w 
iravelli; 


IS  an 
contair 
years  a 
plan  hi 
rather 

Ml 


TKAVELLi:il. 


187 


proceeded  against  General  Johnson  in  1755.  In  1751» 
Crown  Point  and  Ticonderoga  fell  into  the  hands  of  the 
English;  and  in  1775  both  fortresses  were  surprized  by 
the  Americans,  at  the  commencement  of  the  revolution- 
ary war.  Two  years  after  they  both  fell  into  the  hands 
olGeneral  Burgoyne ;  and  soon  afterwards  were  sur- 
prised and  taken  by  Colonels  Allen  and  Arnold. 

Every  one  who  has  an  opportunity  to  visit  the  ruins 
of  these  fortresses,  and  tlie  interesting  scenery  of  the 
neighbouring  country,  must  feel  a  peculiar  gratiAcatioii 
in  tracing  their  history,  and  entering  into  the  detail  of  the 
various  scenes  which  have  taken  place  around  them. 
To  such  travellers  it  will  be  an  agreeable  piece  of  infor- 
mation to  state  that  a  gentlemen  of  talent  und  research 
has  made  a  most  valuable  collection  of  original  docu- 
ments relating  to  the  French  and  revolutionary  wars  in 
this  region,  including  field  orders,  surveys,  &ic.  together 
with  military  maps  and  drawings,  and  facts  collected 
with  great  industry  andeeal,  as  well  from  other  parts  of 
the  country  as  on  the  spot.  There  is  much  reason  to 
hope  that  so  valuable  a  collection  of  historical  matter 
will  not  be  long  in  appearing  to  the  world.  The  au- 
thor is  General  Hoyl  of  Deerfield,  Massachusetts,  the 
author  of  a  very  interesting  work  recently  published  ; 
the  history  of  the  Indian  Wars  on  Connecticut  Fiver. 
BASIN  HARBOUR  is  12  miles  beifond. 
,      ESSEX,  10  miles. 

BURLINGTON.  14  miles 

This  is  a  place  of  considerable  size,  and  of  a  remarka- 
bly Interesting  appearance.  Situated  on  the  shore  of 
.Lake  Champlain  it  enjoys  many  advantages  from  its 
neighbourhood;  and  is  besides  the  seat  of  a  College. 
Here  will  be  found  very  good  inns,  and  stage  coaches 
1  ravelling  both  East  and  South. 

BURI  'NGTON  COLLEGE 

is  an  institution  of  considerable  importance,  and 
contained  a  large  numb'T  of  Students,  when  about  two 
years  ago  it  was  unfortunately  burnt  to  the  ground.  A 
plan  has  been  already  formedTfor  reconstructing  it  on  a 
rather  larger  scale.    The  two  wings  are  to  be  begun 

M2 


m 

'^<|{VS 


till 


I! 


Il!i* 


*i. 


i  'i 


vi 


liim 


V3'il 


THE  NORTHERN 


ii't'' 


immediately,  and  the  centre  building  will  probably  be 
constructed  soon  afterwards,  to  contain  tlie  chapel,  re- 
citation rooms,  &LC. 

The  journey  from  Burlington  to  Connecticut  River  a- 
bounds  in  some  of  the  finest  romantic  scenery.  It  lies  a- 
long  the  course  of  Onion  River,  and  for  some  distance 
scarcely  finds  room  to  pass  between  the  margin  of  the 
stream  and  the  perpendicular  rocks  through  which  it  has 
cut  its  way.  The  precipices  rise  on  each  side,  and 
sometimes  present  a  terrific  appearance,  with  their  over- 
hanging rocks  and  gloomy  shades.  It  will  add  to  the  in- 
terest of  the  scenery  to  recollect  thai  the  Indians  used  to 
pass  this  way  in  their  canoes  in  goin^^  to  Connectic?it 
River  for  war  and  for  trade. 

This  is  a  direct  road  to  the  White  Mountains. 

Plattsburgh.  This  bay  was  the  scene  of  Mc  DON- 
NOUGHTS  VICTORY  ov(;r  Captain  Downey,  the  tro- 
phies of  which  were  pointed  out  at  South  Bay,  in  the 
hulks  of  the  English  vessels  captured  en  the  occasion. 
The  forts  are  to  be  seen  on  the  hill  which  overlooks  the 
bay  and  surrounding  country  for  a  great  distance. 

The  next  place  where  the  Steam  Boat  stops  is  the 

American  Custom  House 
RousEs's  Point. 

There  will  be  seen  a  large  Fort  on  the  west  side  of 
the  Soiel  river  which  was  built  by  the  United  States  for 
the  protection  of  this  important  frontier  position .  Since 
then  the  boundary  between  the  two  countries  has  been 
laid  on  the  45th  degree  of  north  latitude,  and  the  point 
and  the  castle  left  in  the  Canadian  territory. 

Beyond  this  place,  the  traveller  discovers  nothing  at- 
tractive in  the  appearance  of  the  country  for  some  dist- 
ance, as  it  is  but  little  raised  above  the  level  of  the  river, 
and  of  cou/se  very  wet. 

Isle  aux  Noix,  9  m,  from  Rouse's  Point. 

Here  General  SchuyH^r  remained  in  1775,  sick,  while 
Gen.  Montgomery  took  St.  John's,  Chambly,  Montreal, 
Sorel  and  Trois  Rivieres. 


probably  be 
B  chapel,  re- 

icut  River  a- 
y-  It  lies  a- 
me  distance 
irgin  of  the 
which  it  has 
:h  side,  and 
h  their  over- 
dd  to  the  in- 
lians  used  to 
Connecticut 

ns. 

)f  McDON- 

ley,  thetro- 
Bay,  in  the 
e  occasion, 
i^erlooks  the 
lance. 
ps  is  the 


west  side  of 
id  States  for 
ion.  Since 
ies  has  been 
id  the  point 

• 

nothing  at- 
>rsome  dist- 
of  the  river, 


lint. 

sick,  while 
r,  Montreal, 


ViM) 


Ilii'' 


I 


16 


jy^oTth 


,  < 


hV: 


Booker 


*lll 


^: 


JRiMfJctr 


'Hi 


»   -   'illL 


i<l 


,|iili|ift 


1 

iib. 

'i 

ii 

li 

i 

1 

1!' 

1 

, 

i! 

i; 

P 


. ,  &  villa^ 
The  long 
diers.  T 
and  stage 
p8. sen  gel 
The  first 
river. 

Every 
mind  him 
pie  and  c 
United  S 
convenie 
the  popu 
old  Fren 
there  are 
Montrea 
stand  Er 


Heret 


is  the  tt 

Montgoi 

view  of 

stone  b 

towers  { 

brill  ian( 

3  miles 

rising  bi 

by  a  m( 

out  the 

breadth 

ous  isl« 

orname 

of  man' 


lit. 


'# 


rKAVELLEll. 
St.  John's,  11  m-  beyond, 


lay 


.,  a  village  where  will  be  seen  Ihe  first  British  post. 
The  long  ranges  of  low  buildings  are  barracks  for  sol- 
diers. Ihi  J  is  the  termination  of  the  journey  by  water : 
and  stage  coaches  will  be  found  in  waiting  to  take  thn 
pa  sengers  from  the  steamboat  to  Montreal  by  land. 
The  first  part  of  the  road  is  along  the  bank  of  the  Sore  I 
^iver. 

Everything  the  traveller  now  sees  is  calculated  to  re- 
mind him  that  he  has  entered  a  country  of  different  peo- 
ple and  different  habits  from  those  which  prevail  in  the 
United  States.  If  he  speaks  French  he  will  find  it  very 
convenient,  though  by  no  means  indispensable.  Among 
the  population,  is  a  large  share  of  the  descendents  of  the. 
old  French  inhabitants,  particularly  in  the  country  ;  but 
there  are  villages  peopled  from  •"  the  States,"  and  in 
Montreal  particularly  most  persons  he  meets  will  under- 
stand English. 

La  Prairie,  12  m. 

Here  the  coaches  stop  for  the  night> 

Chambly 

is  the  next  town  where  is  an  old  fort,  taken  by  Gen. 
Montgomery.  Longueil.  from  this  place  is  the  first 
view  of  Montreal.  That  city  presents  a  close  mass  of 
stone  buildings,  over  whicii  appear  several  church 
towers  covered  with  tin,  v/hich  gives  them  a  peculiar 
brilliancy  even  at  a  great  distance.  The  towii  extend:^ 
3  miles  along  the  river,  and  1  mile  back,  occupying  the 
rising  bank  and  an  elevation  behind.  The  city  is  backed 
by  a  mountain,  550  feet  high  ;  and  in  front  oi  it  spreads 
out  the  river  St.  Lawrence,  more  than  two  miles  in 
breadth,  presenting  a  succession  of  rapids  and  numer- 
ous islands  of  different  sizes ;  while  the  shore  below  ii^ 
ornamented  with  cultivfited  fields  and  the  country  seats 
of  many  gentlemen. 


f"; 


^'^ 


w 


i-lO 


rJIE  NOUTIIERX 


The  Island  of  St.  Helena, 

is  seen  to  great  advantage  in  crossing  the  river.  It  U 
large  and  makes  a  conspicuous  figure,  rising  beautifully 
Irom  the  river.  A  fine  building  will  be  seen  on  the 
southern  side,  which  is  that  of  the  Marquis  Longueil! 
On  the  other  side  the  road  commands  a  fine  view  of 
the  city,  which  from  an  elevation  presents  a  most  strik- 
ing appearance,  with  the  broad  expanse  of  water  below 
and  the  extensive  plains  which  bound  it  on  the  south. 


rir^'if 


rit 


MONTREAL. 

One  of  the  principal  streets  in  the  city  is  the  street  of 
St  Paul,  which  runs  parallel  to  the  river  at  a  little  dis- 
tance from  it  Here  will  be  seen  a  variety  of  shops  and 
stores,  and  a  busy  crowd  continually  passing  along. 
The  street  of  Nc^re  Dame  is  the  next  large  street  run- 
ning parallel  totliis,  and  have  the  airof  much  more  retire- 
ment and  gentility,  being  the  residence  of  the  wealthy 
and  fashionable.  The  other  streets  are  generally  narrow 
and  dark,  except  a  few  of  the  new  ones.  The  whole, 
appearar  ce  of  the  city  is  substanl'jil  and  permanent,  the 
1  louses  beint,  all  built  of  stone,  and  presenting  it  is  said, 
the  aspect  of  many  places  in  Europe.  There  are  many 
<{uaint  ornaments  introduced  upon  the  walls  by  means  of 
paint,  and  to  make  a  '^*i)l  greater  variety,  some  are  con- 
.structed  of  roiigrh  stone,  and  others  covered  with  cement. 
The  doors  and  vvindows  are  very  generally  guarded 
with  shec4  iron,  bars  ai:d  grates,  and  nets  of  wire  ;  and 
1  he  roofs  are  secured  against  fire  will)  tin. 

History. 

Thf'  a.ViuhlJoa  hood  of  this  place,  according  to  tradi- 
tion, wr^s  o-ice  :he  residence  of  the  Five  Nations  of 
Indians;  and  juM.ae  they  were  driven  to  the  state  of 
XewYork  ly  theu' enemies  the  Arondiacks,  who  after- 
wards occr}»ied  it  then»selve&.  Jacjues  Cartier  selected 
iJie  ?pot  fo'a  town  about  1(535,  and  the  building  of  it 
was  oegun  in  1640,  under  the  name  of  St.  Marie.  Mont- 
real t'.ontiiiueJ  in  the  bends  of  the  French  after  the  cap- 


<^ 


TRAVELLKll 


141 


tureofQuebecby  Gen.  Wolfe  in  1759,  and  the  next  yenr 
an  utisuccessful  exj)edit;»(m  was  undertaken  from  this 
city  for  its  recovery.  In  September  Gen.  Amherst  made 
his  approach  from  Lake  Ontario  with  more  than  10,000 
men ;  and  having  with  wonderful  skill,  and  good  fortune 
landed  on  the  6th  at  La  Chine,  and  being  joined  by  Gen. 
Haviland  irom  Lake  Champlain  and  Gen.  Murry  from 
Quebec,  entered  Montreal  on  the  8th  without  opposition, 
and  thus  completed  the  conquest  of  Canada. 

FROM  MONTREAL  TO  NIAGARA  FALLS'. 

The  Luk<  Ontario  Steam  Boat  goes  between  Sacket'i 
Hai'bour  and  Niagara. 

The  whole  route  from  Montreal  to  the  cataract  of  Ni- 
agara here  follows.    392  miles. 

La  Chine,  7  m. 

Here  is  a  Canal. 

St.  Regis,  53 

tSee  "  Caughnawaga  Indian^^'' 
just  beyond.] 


Hamilton, 
Gallop  Islands, 
Ogdensburgh, 
Morris  Town, 
Cape  Vincent, 
Sacket's  Harbour, 
Oswego  River, 
Great  Sodus  Bay. 
Genesee  River, 
Fort  Niagara, 
Lewiston, 
Niagara  Falls, 


36 

19 

6 

12 
50 
20 
40 
28 

74 


7(9cepage4») 
7(seepage47) 


LAKE  ONTARIO. 


The  following  is  an  estimate  of  the  quantity  of  water 
contained  in  the  Lakes  Ontario  and  Erie. 


Medium  depth. 


Ontario 

Erie    - 


492 
120 


Area 
sq.  feet. 

200,000  millions. 
418  do 


Solid  content 
in  fef?t. 
98  billions. 
50      do 


ti!,;« 


iHE  NOKTHER.\ 


i-i'J. 


r;>/ 


u  i 


The  Caughnawaga  Indians^ 

Who  in  habit  the  village  of  St.  Regis,  were  collected 
Ihere  many  years  ago  bv  the  French  priests,  and  adopt- 
fS  the  habits  enjoined  by  the  Roman  Catholic  system 
They  were  formerly  very  serviceable  to  the  French  in 
Their  frequent  and  blood  excursions  against  the  colonists 
of  New-England,  not  only  acting  as  guides  to  their  ex- 
peditions, but  attending  them  as  warriors.  The  frontier 
posts  of  New-Hampshire  pnd  Massachusetls  suffered  too 
often  and  too  severely  from  their  attacks  to  endure  them 
with  patience:  and  they  consequently  used  ^U  their  ex- 
ertions in  the  wars  against  Canada.  Times  and  circum- 
stances are  however  since  so  materially  altered,  that  the 
discendants  of  those  very  Indians  have  neither  motive 
nor  disposition  to  bloodshed. 

Indian  Longevity. — **  Within  these  last  eight  years," 
says  the  Canada  Spectator,  **  there  have  died  in  the  vil- 
lage of  Cognawaga,  ten  Indians,  each  of  them  past  an 
hundred  years  of  age. — Some  days  ago,  the  curate  burl- 
ed a  woman  aged  166.  There  is  now  living  a  squaw, 
who  has  her  descendants  to  the  fifth  generation :  in  oth- 
er words  the  child  has  now  living,  her  mother,  grand- 
mother, grandmother's  mother  and  grandmother's  grand 
mother." 

At  the  commencement  of  the  Revolutionary  war,  the 
Congress  issued  an  address  to  the  inhabitants  of  Canada, 
and  troops  were  sent  to  take  possession,  of  the  country. 
Col.  Warner  defeated  Governor  Carlton  at  Longueil, 
andMontreal  was  occupied  by  Gen.  Montgomery  Nov. 
15th  1775.  After  the  unsuccessful  attempt  on  Quebec, 
and  the  death  of  that  General,  tliis  city  was  evacuated 
hy  the  Americans. 

Excursion  to  the  Mountalv. 

The  Mountain  of  Montreal,  rises  a  little  behind  the  city, 
to  the  height  of  550  feetand  commands  a  view"  worthy  the 
attention  of  eveiy  traveller  who  has  taste  and  strength 
enough  to  undertake  a  somewhat  arduous  ascent.  \n 
going  up,  several  fine  seats  will  be  observed,  amen;; 
whicn  that  of  the  Hon.  McGillivray  and  the  unfinised 
on*^  of  Mr.  McTavish,  make  n  conspicuous  figure.    Tbr 


•    .  rO 


lliAVELLKK. 


143 


river  St.  Lawrence  is  seen  above  and  below  for  a  dis- 
tance of  40  or  50  miles,  and  the  rapids  and  islands 
which  appear  in  great  numbers,  afford  a  very  agreeable 
life  and  variety  to  its  surface.  On  both  sides  is  an  ex- 
tensive fertile  tract  of  level  ground,  and  towards  the 
United  States  the  view  is  remarkable  fine,  being  inter 
rupted  by  only  a  few  eminences,  such  as  the  mountains 
of  Chambly,  Belceil,  &c  and  reaching  quite  to  the  hori- 
zon, except  where  it  is  bounded  by  the  blue  and  distant 
summits  of  some  of  the  Green  mountains  and  some  in  the 
State  of  New  York.  The  Ottawa,  or  Grand  river  runs 
between  the  island  of  Montreal  and  the  main. 

The  monument  and  Tomb  of  Mr.  McTavish,  are  seen 
near  the  summit  of  the  mountain. 

Note.     Water.  The  Traveller  should  be  on  his  guards 
against  the  water  of  this  vicinty.  Those  not  accustomed 
to  it  usually  experience  very  unpleasant  effects  from 
the  chemical  salts  it  contains.    It  is  said  that  boiling  re 
moves  its  unwholesome  qualities. 

G£0L0G¥. 

The  level  groimd  lies  on  a  fiat  dark  coloured  fetid 
lime  rock,  containing  animal  remains.  Some  distance  up 
the  mountain  it  is  succeeded  by  a  kind  of  slate,  with 
veins  of  trap.  Near  the  top  is  limestone  in  slanting 
strata,  and  above  that  hornblende  with  crystals  of  angite. 
Near  the  town  is  crystal  ine  limestone,  with  animal  re- 
mains— ^very  uncommon. 

JOURNEY  TO  QUEBEC,  170  miles, 

Chamblt,  15  miles, 
St.  John's  12  miles. 

Here  the  traveller  takes  a  steam-boat  for  Quebce. 
Isle  Aux  Noix. 
SoREL  Village. 

Here  a  fort  was  built  in  1665  by  Monsieur  de  Tracy , 
^'hen  meditating  plans  against  the  colonies. 


!       ',!.  : 


v:  I, 


i44 


IHE  NORTHERiN 
Trois  Rivieres. 


is  kail' way  to  Quel)cc.    It  contains  about  :J500  inhabi- 
tants'. 


Tht  Rapids  of  Richelieu 

have  fomeihing  a  little  formidable  in  their  appearance, 
hxii  the  passage  of  the  river  at  this  place  is  performed 
without  clanger. 


I  ! 


tl   ■ 


Cape  Rouge, 

7  miles  from  Quebec.  Here  the  banks  of  the  St.  Law- 
rcnce  beg^iri  to  acquire  a  considerable  elevation;  and 
i  hoy  continue  to  rise  until  they  present  the  lofty  preci- 
pices of  Quebec,  which  suddenly  make  their  appearance 
in  front,  though  the  city  is  almost  concealed  until  the 
traveller  approaches  very  near. 

Chaudierb  River,  1  m.  below. 

I'rom  this  place  the  view  becomes  more  interesting;. 
Two  old  towers  are  seen  on  the  bluff  where  Quebec  is 
situated,  which  are  340  feefe  above  the  riyer; 


Sillery  River,  4  m. 

Near  W\\a  was  the  place  where  the  French  from  Mon- 
treal and  the  British  forces  had  a  severe  battle  after 
General  Wolfe's  capture  of  Quebec. 

Wolfe's  Cove.  This  is  the  spot  where  General 
Wolfe  landed  his  troops  in  the  night,  in  the  year  1759; 
and  up  these  rocks  they  climbed  to  the  heights  above, 
■where  they  gained  the  battle  which  decided  the  fate  of 
the  city.  The  point  of  the  promontory  on  which  Que- 
bec star.ds,  is  Cape  Diamond,  and  on  it  is  built  the  for- 
tress of  the  city. 

Foint  Levi  is  the  h'*h  bluff  seen  opposite,  on  the  south 
cast  side  of  tlie  river.  ^.  melancholy  accident  occurred 
there  Isfst  February,  [1855.]     A  poor  mam  by  the  najne 


2500  inhabi- 


I  interesting:. 


♦n 


IHAVELLLK. 


i\o 


oi  Uougou,  inhabited  ivith  his  family,  a  small  hut  built 
of  plank  at  the  foot  of  the  precipice.  A  huge  mass  of 
•now  which  had  accumulated  on  the  height  above,  rolled 
down  With  great  force,  taking  the  building  in  its  way, 
and  entirely  overwhelmed  it,  crashing  to  death  s^everal  of 
the  inmates.  The  man,  his  wife  and  three  children  were 
all  destroyed.  Those  who  escaped  from  immediate 
death  losing  their  lives  by  exposure  to  the  severity  ef 
the  weather. 

QUEBEC. 

The  Lower  Town  lies  a  little  raised  above  th<;  level 
of  the  water,  and  runs  round  the  rock,  which  rises  so  ab- 
ruptly above,  that  nothing  of  the  Upper  Town  can  be 
seen.  The  Bay  is  large  and  fine,  bounded  ^y  bold 
shores,  which  seem  almost  to  enclose  it.  The  island 
of  Orleans  appears  four  miles  down  the  river.  While 
approaching  the  city,  on  the  left  hand  the  spectator  sees 
a  wide  and  beautiful  extent  of  country,  gently  rising 
from  the  shore ;  charmingly  varied  with  cultivated 
fields  and  numerous  country  seats  as  well  as  towns  and 
villages,  all  as  white  as  marble,  accompanying  the  road 
down  the  river,  and  pursuing  the  graceful  bend  of  its 
course.  One  of  the  principal  objects  which  strike  the 
(^ye  in  the  Upper  Town,  is  the  Castle  of  St.  Louis,  form- 
erly a  fortress  but  now  a  palace,  where  the  Governor  of 
Quebec  resides.  It  stands  on  the  very  edge  of  the  preci- 
pice hi"gh  above,  and  overhangs  the  Lower  Town  with 
its  immense  stone  walls,  162  feet  in  length,  45  in  breadth, 
and  five  stories  high. 

The  ascent  to  the  upper  town  from  this  side  is  by  the 
Mountain  street. 

The  entrance  into  the  lower  town  is  through  the  Prcsr 
cot  Gate,  which  is  of  great  size.  The  Barracks  were 
originally  a  Jesuits'  College,  and  like  every  thing  else 
to  be  seen  has  the  aspect  of  a  foreign  country.  The 
Cathedral  is  large  and  has  a  solemn  and  impressive  ef* 
feet.  A  plan  has  been  formed  for  erecting  a  much  more 
magnilicent  one  in  its  place,  of  much  greater  si2e  and 
beauty.  Future  editions  of  this  work  may  furnish  adcS' 
cription  of  it,  if  it  is  ever  completed. 

There  are  several  agreeable  excursions  to  be  made 
from  Quebec,  to  which  the  following  descriptions  may 

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23  WEST  MAIN  STRiET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  MStO 

(716)  S72-4S03 


'4^ 


V 


146 


THE  NORTHEKr; 


serve  as  a  key.  The  common  vehicle  used  ou  such  mi 
occasion,  is  the  Canada  Calash,  which  although  of  a 
rude  construction,  drawn  by  a  small  horse  and  driven  by 
a  Frenchman,  will  be  found  more  comfortable  and  ex- 
peditious than  Its  exterior  would  lead  one  to  expect. 

THE  FALLS  OE  MONTMORENCY. 

The  road  leads  through  the  gate  of  St.  John,  and  after  lea- 
ving the  buildings  which  crowd  on  either  hand  for  some 
distance  beyond,  entering  a  fine  tract  of  land,  beautiful- 
ly cultivated.  On  .the  left  of  the  road  is  seen  a  large 
Nunnery. 


Village  of  Beawport- 

'  This  extends  for  a  great  distance  along  the  road  and  U 
handsome  both  in  situation  and  appearance,  and  com- 
mands a  fine  view  of  Quebec.  The  River  Montmorency 
is  just  beyond.  You  cross  a  bridge  to  the  other  side,  and 
follow  the  course  of  the  current.  The  stream  itself  is 
not  large,  but  within  300  yards  of  the  St.  Lawrence, 
where  it  pours  its  water  down  a  precipice,  below  two 
immense  walls  of  rock,  the  scenery  assumes  the  most 
rough  and  frowning  aspect,  while  the  island  of  Orleans, 
lying  in  the  St.  Lawrence  opposite  its  mouth,  exhibits  a 
charming,  verdant  slope,  embellished  with  the  roftest 
beauties  of  cultivation  and  fertility.  The  contrast  is  de- 
lightful. The  rocks  o  i  both  sides  are  composed  of  dark 
coloured  lime  stone,  based  on  masses  of  granite  near  the 
water's  edge;  and  their  sombre  hue  sets  off  the  white- 
ness of  the  foaming  cascade.  The  river  pours  over  a  ra- 
pid declivity  just  before  it  reaches  the  precipice,  and 
then  make  a  descent  of  240  feet  down  a  nroken  preci- 
pice. A  broad  semicircular  basin  lies  below  to  receive 
it,  where  it  all  subsides  to  silence  and  tranquilitv.  A 
handsome  country  house  stands  near  the  brow  of  the  ca- 
taract. You  may  approach  near  the  falls,  and  the  beau- 
ty and  sublimity  of  the  scene  are  encreased,  by  the  noise 
of  the  water,  and  the  rainbows  in  the  spray,  which  are 
.generally  to  be  seen  in  a  fine  day. 


XKAVELLER. 


14" 


THE  SAW  MILLS 

are  erecied  under  the  western  bank.  They  arc  capable 
of  coiling  a  groat  auantity  of  timber,  and  are  carried  by 
a  stream  of  water  oroughlt  away  from  above  the  falls — 
They  arc  owned  by  Mr.  Patterson,  who  has  erected 
piers  in  the  St.  Lawrence  for  the  security  of  great  quanti- 
ties of  lumber  brought  to  this  place  on  enormous  rafts, 
and  intended  principally  for  exportation  to  England. 


BATTLE  OF  MONTMORENCY, 

When  Gen.  Wolfe  came  to  operate  against  Quebec  in 
June  1759,  he  posted  his  army  on  the  island  of  Orleans, 
while  the  fleet  blockaded  the  port.  At  the  end  of  that 
month  Gen.  Monckton  was  sent  over  to  Point  Levi, 
and  established  himself  there,  whence  he  was  able 
to  fire  upon  the  city.  Above  the  river  Montmorency  the 
landing  was  protected  by  the  Marquis  de  Montcalm. — 
{ Gen.  Wolfe  landed  his  troops  at  the  mouth  of  the  Mont- 
morency during  the  night  of  July  31st,  and  erected  a 
battery  on  the  precipice  north  east  of  the  falls,  the  re- 
mains of  which  are  to  be  seen.  The  French  were  en- 
trenched along  the  opposite  bank ;  and  on  the  Slst  of 
I  July  Gen.  WoUe  sent  kis  troo^^?  to  ford  the  Montmoren- 
cv  below  the  falls,  to  storm  their  works.  Some  of  Gen. 
Monckton's  force  from  Point  Levi  in  crossing  with  boats 
l^t  aground,  and  difficulty  ensued;  but  tne  landing 
was  made  in  the  afternoon  on  the  beach  to  the  right 
I  af  the  saw  mills.  They  came  however  too  late :  for  the 
I  tliirteen  grenadier  companies  with  200  Americans,  who 
had  landed  before,  retiised  to  wait  or  to  form  as  had 
been  intended  in  four  columns,  but  marched  tumultu- 
I  ously  round  the  rock,  and  rushed  up  hill  in  a  mass  to- 
wards the  French  works,  at  some  dbtance  back  from 
the  old  redoubt  on  th  >  point,  which  had  been  deserted. 
A  warm  fire  however  was  directed  against  them,  which 
cut  down  about  600  men,  and  they  were  obliged  to  re- 
treat to  the  redoubt,  whence  they  were  ordered  back  to 
the  beach  to  form.  The  enterpirse  was  however  inter- 
rupted by  a  severe  storm,  and  finally  abandoned. 

The  British  army  afterwards  went  up  the  river  in  the 
fl«et.  and  the  Marquis  Bougainville  was  sent  with  lofKJ 


J48 


THE  NORTHEIUS 


men  to  watch  their  movements.  With  wondeiful  ski! 
and  good  fortune  however  Gen.  Wolfe  succeeded  in  bai' 
fling  their  vigilance,  as  well  as  that  of  ail  the  centineln 
along  the  whole  shore;  but  the  scene  of  the  event  witli 
which  these  movements  was  connected  lies  at  a  distance 
from  the  place  where  we  now  are ;  and  it  will  be  neces- 
sary to  return  to  Quebec  and  visit  the  Plains  of.  Abra- 
ham to  retrace  it  with  advantage. 


THE  CAPTURE  OF  QUEBEC. 

At  one  o'clock  in  the  night  of  September  12th  1768, 
Gen.  Wolfe  quietly  transported  his  troops  from  the  fleet 
into  the  boats,  and  cautiously  passed  down  the  river. — 
He  intended  to  land  two  or  three  miles  above  Cape  Dia- 
mond, and  get  possession  of  the  heightsof  Abraham.  But 
was  drifted  drown  sr  rapidly  that  he  passed  the  place  with- 
out  d'iscovering  it,  and  then  resolved  to  attempt  a  land- 
ine  at  Wolfe's  Cove,  just  above  the  city.  The  shore  is 
bold,  and  the  rocks  so  high  and  steep,,  that  only  a  few 
centinels  were  posted  along  the  precipices  and  the  mar- 
gin. This  desperate  enterprise  however  did  not  dis- 
courage the  leader  or  his  troops,  but  an  hour  before  day 
break  they  had  effected  their  landing,  and  commenced 
the  arduous  ascent  by  a  narrow,  broken  path,  at  the  top 
of  which  was  stationed  a  captain's  niard.  As  fast  as  the 
English  reached  the  summit  they  formed  on  the  level 
plam. 

At  ten  o^clock  Montcalm  arrived  with  his  army,  and  a 
battle  was  fought  which  decided  the  fate  of  Canada. 
Montcalm  stationed  1500  sharp  shooters  in  fror^^  but  the 
British  coolly  stood  their  ground  till  the  French  were 
within  40  yards,  when  they  opened  their  fire,  and  soon 
afterwards  terminated  the  engagement  with  their  bayo- 
nets. The  place  where  the  greatest  carnage  was  made, 
is  near  the  walls  of  Quebec,  where  the  English  lefl  wd" 
closely  engaged  with  the  French  right.  The  action 
lasted  twohoufF,  and  in  it  both  chiefs  received  their  mor- 
tal wounds.  Gen.  Wolf  was  shot  in  two  or  three  places 
and  lay  near  a  small  granite  rock  which  is  still  pointed 
out.  When  hardly  any  signs  of  life  remained,  news  was 
brought  that  the  day  had  declared  for  the  Brilislu 
•rh*>n,«saidhe  "  I  die  content," 


IRAVELLElt. 


J41* 


The  Canadians  themselves,  Iiave  probably  suffered 
little  by  the  change  of  masters.  ^*  They  have  been  al> 
lofwed  the  free  practice  of  their  customs,  manners,  and 
rights ;  and  the  re  is  so  little  intermixture  even  at  this 
day^that  but  for  the  British  uniform  in  the  8treets,and  the 
British  ships  in  the  harbour,  a  stranger  might  imagine 
himself  in  the  territories  of  his  most  Christian  Majesty. 


',ii  in,| 


BATTLE  OF  SILLERY. 

On  the  28th  April  of  the  succeeding  year,  (1760,)  the 
French  and  English  had  a  bloody  action  at  Sillery,  three 
miles  from  the  city.  Monsieur  Levi  left  Montreal  with 
the  intention  of  taking  Quebec,  aad  at  that  place  was 
met  by  Gen.  Murray,  who  fought  him  with  inferior  num- 
bers, and  obliged  him  to  retreat  after  losing  1000  men. 
The  French  laid  seige  to  Quebec,  but  an  English  squad- 
ron arrived  verj  opportunely,  and  the  enemy  returned 
to  Montreal.  . 


ATTACK  ON  QUEBEC  IN  1775. 

Gen,  Montgomery  was  sent  against  thi?  important  city 
by  the  American  Congress,  soon  after  tnc  commence- 
ment of  the  Revolutionary  War.  Gen.  Arnold  joined 
him,  and  was  appointed  to  attempt  the  corthem  side  of 
the  town,  while  Gen.  Montgomery  was  to  attack  the 
southern.  On  the  appearance  of  the  latter  the  enemy  re- 
treated ;  and  as  he  pursued,  were  wearied  by  passing 
round  Cape  Diamond  among  the  slippery  rocks.  When 
he  came  near  to  the  blockhouse  he  was  ooliged  to  delay 
a  short  time  before  his  men  could  come  up ;  and  just 
as  he  was  rushing  on  with  two  hundred  to  storm  it,  two 
or  three  Englishman  returned  and  fired  one  of  the  guns, 
which  killed  General  Montgomery  and  two  of  his  aids. 
Thus  the  expedition  was  defeated,  and  the  Americans 
were  finally  obliged  to  retire. 

In  the  year  1818  a  vessel  was   sent  to  Quebec  from 
New- York,  to  remove  the  remains  of  Gen.  Montgomery, 
which  were  deposited  in  a  vault  in  St.  PauPs  Church  in 
that  city,  and  a  monument  erected  to  his  memory. 
N2 


- , 


loO 


THE  xXOllTIIERN 


ii(! 


A  linft  of  lortification  extends  across  the  high  grouiuls 
above  the  town.  It  is  nearly  a  mile  in  extent,  and  verv 
strong^.  A  wall  of  solid  masonry  encircles  the  city,  hsavil  v 
loaded  down  with  cannon ;  and  all  the  defences  of  the 
place  are  constructed  on  a  solid  and  mighty  plan,  wortliy 
of  a  grrat  European  fortress, 

THE  CITADEL, 

ia  at  the  southern  end  of  the  city  on  Cape  Diamond, 
anid  occupies  the  highest  ground  in  all  that  part  of  the 
peninsula,  except  the  point  called  Ferguson^s  House. 
The  highest  of  its  batteries  is  named  after  General  Brock. 
The  citadel  is  not  accessible  to  strangers. 

'  GENERAL  REMARKS. 

The  size  and  situation  of  Quebec  naturally  render  it 
the  great  depot  iti  the  commerce  of  Canada.  Placed 
on  a  noble  river  which  forms  a  connection  between 
the  ocean  and  a  chain  of  vast  lakes,  whole  shores  are 
becoming  peopled  and  cultivated,  notwithstanding 
the  obstacles  with  which  the  channel  is  here  and  there 
encumbered,  it  would  seem  at  first  view  as  calculated  to 
receive  all  the  concentrated  wealth  of  many  thousands 
of  miles ;  and  the  rocky  precipices  with  which  it  is  forti* 
iied  by  nature,  formed  to  secure  it  against  the  most  despe- 
rate attempts  of  a  foe.  But  when  it  is  recollected  that^the 
severity  of  the  winter  renders  navigation  entirely  im- 
practicable  for  several  months  in  the  year,  and  creates  a 
thousand  difficulties  along  the  coasts  from  which  more 
southern  countries  arc  exempt ;  above  all  when  it  is  re- 
collected that  the  communication  lately  effected  be- 
tween Lake  Erie  and  Hudson  River,  opens  a  more  safe 
and  convenient  passage  to  the  ocean.  It  cannot  be  longer 
a  matter  of  wonder  that  Quebec  should  exhibit  so  few 
signs  of  improvemjent,  and  that  its  commerce  should 
bea^so  small  a  proportion  to  its  apparent  resources. 

Still  however  the  trade  between  the  St.  Lawrence  and 
England  is  extensive,  as  a  view  of  the  harbour  and  its 
vicinity  will  abundantly  attest.  The  navigation  be- 
tween Quebec  and  Montreal  is  greatly  assisted  by  the. 


TRAVELLER. 


151 


:^team  boat  employed  in  towing  vessels  in  the  river. 
Three  large  schooners  are  devoted  to  the  business.  The 
lamber  annually  exported,  supplying  the  English  Navy, 
imounts  to  an  immense  sum ;  and  the  trade  with  the  In- 
dians, employs  a  great  capital  and  a  great  number  of 
persons. 

A  Canal  to  the  Bat  of  Fundt 

has  been  projected  within  a  few  months,  by  the  Lecisla- 
ture  of  Canada.  The  route  proposed  is  from  Bay  Verte, 
ia  the  Gulf  of  St.  Iiawrence,  to  the  most  convenient 
poLat  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  which  will  open  a  direct  cofti- 
iQunicatiou  with  New  Brunswick. 

A  Steam  Coasting  Ship 

has  also  been  proposed,  to  run  between  Quebec  and 
Halifax,  for  freieht  andpassengers,  as  well  as  for  towing. 
The  coast  is  said  to  abound  in  numerous  ship  harbours, 
and  the  various:  courses  to  be  steered  during  tne  voyage, 
as  well  as  the  current  of  the  river,  offer  strong  induce- 
ments for  adopting  such  a  measure.  It  is  said  tnat  a  ship 
of  500  tons  would  be  necessary.  It  would  cost  10  or 
12000  pounds. 

JOURNEY  FROM  QUEBEC  TO  MONTREAL,  170  m. 

To  repeat  a  list  of  the  most  remarkable  places  on  this 
route,  in  the  order  in  which  they  will  present  them- 
ifelves  in  going  from  Quebec,  we  begin  with 

\VoLrE*s  Cove 

half  a  mile  from  the  city,  where  Gen.  AYolfe  effected 
his  landing,  as  already  described. 


SiLLERT  River, 
near  the  place  of  the  battle  of  Sillery. 

Craudiere  Rivsn.  4  miles. 


J. ,2  THE  NORTHERN 

Cape  Rouge  1  mile. 
Beyond  this  the  land  loses  its  remarkable  elevfttion. 

The  Rapids  or  I»iCH£LiEU,  7  miles. 


-^. 


Trois  Rivieres. 
Sorrel  Village. 

Isle  auz  Noix. 

St.  John's. 
The  Lake  Champlain  Steam  Boat  goes  from  thb  place- 

Chamblt. 
Momtreai. 

LAKE  CHAMPLAIN  STEAM  BOAT, 
TO  White  Hall,  100  miles. 


La  Prarie 

9 

St.  John's 

18 

Isle  aux  Noix  - 

14 

Windmill  Point       • 

12 

Plattsburgh     - 

17 

Burlington 

18 

Crown  Point 

30 

Ticonderoga 

16 

White  Hall      -       . 

30 

153 
To  Albany,  on  the  side  of  the  Hudson. 


West  Granville 
East  Granville 
Hebron 
Salem 


11 
3 
9 

8 


TRAVELLER. 


133 


Cambridge 

Pittstown 

JiaDiinghargh 

IT07 

Albany 


16 

18 

10 

8 

6 


! tee  page  25) 
see  page  19) 


To  Albany  on  the  west  side  of  the  Hudton. 
Fort  Anne      .... 
Fort  Edward         -        12 
Here  a  Stage  pattet  to  Saratoga 
Springt, 

Fort  Miller    (tee  page  1 1) 

SchuylersYille     (se«  page  2) 

Fort  Hardy  (see  page  — ) 

British  Lines  (see  page  7) 

Passing  Bemit*s  Heights 

Stillwater  5  1-2 

Borough  3  ' 

Waterford  10 

Mohawk  bridge  1  (see  page  — ) 

The  route  down  the  Hudson  River  need  not  be  recapi* 
tdated,  as  the  distances  and  places  are  marked  on  the 
maps. 

The  White  Mountains  and  Winnipiseogpee  Lake  are 
partiidly  described  for  the  conveinence  ofsuchasmay 
travel  from  the  ctastward  to  the  Springs ;  and  to  those 
who  may  not  have  it  in  their  power  to  visit  both  these 
places,  one  of  them  may  be  recommended  as  a  journey 
that  will  produce  the  lughest  satisfaction. 


iii 


ii|lt!i 


♦ 


While  the 
the  canal  Co 
to  the  Legisl 
manicatea  m 
who  travel  ii 
f  llie  Comp 
pected  to  t^l 

That  part 
pleted  until 
water  was  1 
Lockport,  a' 
two  breache 
sioned  temp< 
gratified  the 
material  poi 
tained  West 
awanta  and  ( 
quate  to  the 
60  feet  span 
of  stone. 

The  foUoi 
port,  we  an 


"The  coi 
are  nearly  c 


▲rrsHDix. 


THE  ERIE  CANAL. 

While  the  former  part  of  this  volume  was  in  the  pres?, 
the  canal  Commissioners  published  their  Annual  Report, 
to  the  Legislature  of  the  State  of  New  York,  which  com- 
municates much  information  calculated  to  interest  taose 
who  travel  in  that  part  of  the  country. 
f  TTie  Completion  and  Opening  of  the  tohole  Canal  is  ex- 
pected to  t^ke  place  in  September  1825. 

That  part  of  the  Canal  We»t  of  Brookport  was  not  com- 
pleted until  the  begining  of  September  1824,  when  the 
water  was  let  in,  and  boats  began  to  ply  as  far  west  as 
Lockport,  at  the  foot  of  the  Mountain  Ridge.  Out  or 
two  breaches  occurred  in  the  embankment,  which  occa- 
sioned temporary  delay  \  but  that  part  of  the  canal  fully 
gratified  the  expectations  of  the  Commissioners  in  every 
material  point.  The  only  supplies  of  water  to  be  ob- 
tained West  of  Genesee  River  are  furnished  by  the  Tod- 
awanta  and  Oak  Orchard  Creeks,  and  they  proved  ade- 
quate to  the  purpose.  The  aqueduct  of  38  culverts  and 
60  feet  span  on  the  part  of  the  route,  is  substantially  built 
of  stone. 

The  foUoviring  extracts  from  the  Commissioners'  Re- 
port, we  arrange  under  their  respective  heads. 

Lockport. 

"  The  combined  Locks  at  the  brow  of  the  mountain, 
are  nearly  completed.    This  is  a  work  of  the  first  magni- 


• 


164 


APPENDIX. 


lude  on  the  line,  and  one  of  the  ^^eatest  of  the  kind  in  the 
world.  The  superior  style  in  which  it  is  executed — its 
situation  at  the  brow  of  a  perpendicular  precipice  of 
about  76  feet,  ovrerlooking  a  capacious  natural  basin,  with 
banks  upon  each  side  of  an  altitude  of  more  than  one 
hundred  feet,  connected  with  the  deep  rock  excavation, 
renders  it  one  of  the  most  interesting  points  on  the  Erie 
oanai. 

TONAWANTA  CREEK. 

'*  The  towing  path  on  the  bank,  and  the  dam  acrws 
the  Tonawanta  creek,are  finished.  The  lift  lock,  located 
in  the  side  cut  which  connects  the  canal  navigation  with 
the  Niagara  river,  is  also  completed  :  the  guard  lock  on 
the  west  side  of  the  Tonawanta  creek  is  ready  for  vse,  and 
boats  have  been  towed  on  twelve  miles  of  the  Tona. 
wanta  creek,and passed  through  the  guard  and  lift  locks 
into  the  Niagara  river." 

[That  part  of  the  Canal  from  Tonawanta  Creek  by 
Black  Rock  to  Buffalo  creek  is  partly  finished,  and  will 
be  completed  early  in  the  season.] 


Black  Rock. 

.  [The  Harbour  will  probably  be  finished  as  early  as 
September.  The  Sloop  Lock  is  almost  fit  for  use,  and 
the  Dam  from  the  Shore  to  Squaw  Island  is  so  far  com- 
pleted as  to  prevent  the  water  from  passing  over.  The 
embankment  on  Squaw  Island  is  eight  feet  high,  more 
than  thirty  feet  broad  at  the  base,  and  six  at  the  top» 
The  commissioners'  consider  it  more  secure  than  the  wdi- 
uary  canal  embankments.  From  tiie  head  of  the  island 
to  thtt  temporary  dam  there  is  4180  feet  of  pier,  three- 
Icmrt^  of  which  is  filled  with  brush  and  stone.  From 
the  temporary  dam  to  the  first  angle  of  the  traverse  pier, 
there  it  3314  feet  of  pier  filled  in  the  same  manner,  and 
trenailed,  but  not  finished.  From  this  point,  there  is  an 
open  space  of  1000  feet,  part  of  which  will  form  the  tra- 
verse angle,  stretching  nearly  at  right  angles  with  the 
stream.    This,  with  about  600  feet  of  mole  or  pierr  put 


APPENDIX. 


iOff 


down  in  1 8t3,  will  form  the  whole  work.  The  materials 
htre  been  procured.  Thn  Ion  of  the  temporary  dam,  in 
October  last,  it  suppoied  07  the  Commiuionert  to  have 
been  owing^  to  iti  unfinished  state.  They  pronounce  it 
ilron|fenou|;h  to  resist  ell  the  pressure  to  which  it  ever 
can  be  exposed  by  the  elevation  of  the  sur&ce  within  the 
htrbour.  They  seem  however  to  have  omitted  in  their 
account  to  estimate  the  force  of  the  waves  of  Lake  Erie 
in  a  westerly  storm,  and  the  still  more  irresistable  effects 
of  the  masses  of  ice,  which  are  sometimes  driven  violently 
a^inst  the  shore.  Time  however,  will  soon  show  wheth- 
er their  conclusions  are  reasonable  or  not.] 

There  is  a  little  less  than  six  inches  mfference  in  the 

Tel  of  the  water  in  Buffalo  creek  and  the  Black  Rock 
harbour. 

The  firost  during  the  winter  is  fotmd  to  produce  most 
iiljury  when  the  canal  is  empty ;  It  is  therefore  intend- 
ed to  let  the  water  remain  in  it  until  the  opening  of  the 
spring,  when  it  b  to  be  drawn  off  for  repairs.  ' 

The  banks  leaked  less  during  the  ^BBt  year  then  ever 
before.  The  great  Irondeqttot  Embankment  stood  firm 
and  tight :  The  other  embankment  near  it  however 
oDce  showed  some  signs  of  weakness,  and  was  strength- 
ened, and  is  now  considered  quite  safe. 

Stonb  Facing. 

The  undulation  produced  by  the  passage  boats,  mate- 
rially ii^ures  the  banks,  by  constantly  wearing  away  the 
earth  ;  and  it  is  recommended  that  they  should  be  grad- 
ually faced  with  stone  throughout  the  whole  len^  of 
the  canal.  Ten  or  fifteen  miles  were  secured  in  this  man- 
ner during  the  last  season,  and  the  advantages  of  it  were 
too. evident  to  be  neglected. 

M  Boats  which  move  but  two,  or  two  and  a  half  miles 
an  hour,  do  but  little  injury  to  the  banks ;  but  when  the 
velocity  is  encreased  to  four  miles  an  hour,  as  it  is  tho  ease 
with  packets,  the  accumulation  of  resistance  and  conse- 
quent disturbance  of  the  water,  is  very  great.  This  ra- 
pid motion  of  the  packet  boats  creates  an  artificial  wave, 
by  which  the  bai^ks  of  the  canal  in  many  places  are  sen- 
ouly  injured.  It  would  perhaps  be  deemed  a  public  cala- 
mity, to  exclude  from  the  use  of  the  canals  such  boats  n", 
O 


lob 


AFPENDIX. 


are  designed  for  the  conveyance  of  passengers,  or  to  pro< 
hibit  them  irom  moving^  at  a  rule  of  more  dian  two  and  a 
half  miles  ah  hour.  But  with  the  present  i-ates  of  toll 
(6  cents  a  mile)  they  do  not  idemnify  the  state  for  the  in- 
jury which  they  occasion,  and  the  toll  upon  them  oughtto 
be  considerably  augmented.  A  freight  boat  with  30  tons 
of  merchandize,  navigating  200  miles  of  the  canal  pays 

tl84 ;  whilst  a  packet,  under  the  present  rates,  pays  but 
12  for  the  same  dwtance ;  and  the  injury  done  by  the 
packet  is  probably  one  hundred  times  greater." 
[Note.  The  packets  now  pay  20  cents  a  mile.] 


^mm 


Canal  Bridget. 

"  The  bridges  which  were  built  on  the  middle  section 
on  the  plan  first  adopted,  have  been  mostly  altered  and 
enlarged;  and  the  remainder  will  undergo  the  same eJ« 
teration  during  the  present  winter.  The  want  of  great* 
cr  height  in  all  the  bridges  has  been  made  the  subject  of 
complaint  with  passengers  in  the  packet  boats ;  an^^they 
are  indeed  considerably  lower  than  when  first  construct- 
ed, in  consequence  of  the  settling  of  the  banks.  It 
was  intended  that  there  should  have  been  not  less  than 
eleven  and  a  half  feet  space  in  all  cases  between  the 
bottom  of  the  canal,  and  the  underside  of  the  string 
pieces.  This  height  allows  of  seven  and  a  half  feet 
above  the  surface  of  the  water,  and  affords  room  for 
the  passage  of  the  largest  boats.  >  greater  elevation 
would  have  greatly  increased  the  expense  of  banking 
and  forming  a  road  to  ascend  the  bridges ;  and  would 
also  have  added  to  the  inconvenience  of  the  faimer 
through  whose  grounds  the  canals  have  been  construct- 
ed and  for  whose  accommodation  the  greatest  part  of 
them  have  been  built,  and  who  is  now  obliged,  in  pass- 
ing many  of  the  bridges,  to  carry  the  ponderous  and 
bulky  productions  of  his  farm  over  high,  narrow  and 
dangerous  embankments.  The  insuperable  difficulties, 
which  opposed  the  construction  of  these  bridges  at  an 
elevation  sufficiently  great  to  admit  persons  to  pass  un- 
der  them  without  danger  or  inconvenience,  on  the  decks 
of  passage  boats,  produced  suggestions  at  an  early 
period  from  various  quarters,  of  building  them  on  the 


APPENDIX. 


i5i> 


jDOveable  or  retractile  plan.  The  advantages  of  bridges 
of  this  description  are,  that  they  can  be  so  constructed 
IS  to  rest  on  the  water,  or  at  an  elevation  but  little  a^tove 
it;  and  that  they  may  be  thrown  across  the  canal  >d 
returned  again  by  the  strength  of  on^  man.  And  when 
not  in  use,  they  may  be  thrown  out  of  the  way.  I'he 
I  objections  to  them  are,  that  when  in  the  use  and  thrown 
icross  the  canal,  they  form  a  barrier  which  totally  ob- 
I  itructs  the  passage  of  every  boat.  And  although  they 
I  Day  be  placed  out  of  the  wfiy,  it  is  not  probable  that 
they  always  would  be ;  but  would  be  often  in  a  situation 
to  obstruct  the  navigation  or  to  be  broken  to  pieces  by 
the  impingements  of  heavy  boats.  Bridges  of  this  des- 
cription may  be  ¥fe\\  adopted  to  canals  over  which  few 
liridges  are  wanted ;  but  we  apprehend  that  they  are  al- 
togetheir  Inadmissible  on  the  canals  over  which  such  a 
Doltitudj^,  have  been  required  as  on  the  canals  of  this 
stata.;  an4  through  which  such  numbers  of  boats  will 
cont^ually  pass.  Between  Utica  and  Albany  there  are 
pearly  three  hundred  bridges;  and  of  these,  more  than 
eigjbty  are  between  Utica  and  the  Little  Falls,  averaging 
fopr  ip)  iOvery  mi^le.  These  bridges  must  be  used  many 
tipeg-^yfi^  day,  and  had  they  l^en  constructed  ron  the 
r^trac^.plan,  no  boat  could  have  passed  on  this  part 
of  th^,  camily  without  experiencing  the  most  vexatious 
iate{:ri|ptions;  and  not.  less  vexatious  and  intolerable 
vould  be  the  inconvenience  and  labour  which  they 
Vjomtd  impose  upon  the  farmer,  whose  cows,  horses,  ox- 
I  em,  slueep,  and  other  stock  or  property  could  never  cross 

le  canal,  neither  could  his  children  or  his  family  pa^s 
it,  without  the  assistance  of  at  least  one  able-bodied 
man  to  move  and  remove  the  bridge  every  time  it  be- 
came necessary  to  pass  any  of  them  over  it.'* 

'^In  consequence  of  the  difficulty  and  expense  of 
building  an  immoveable  bridge  across  the  canal  at  the 
Oriskany  hill,  a  retractile,  floating  bridge  was  built  three 
years  ago,  which  was  found,  however,  to  be  equally 
iQconvjBnient  as  .the  swivel  bridge  above  mentioned, 
and  w:a8  in  a  short  time  was  entirely  knocked  to  pieces 
by  the  boats. 


I'liihJ 


^ii   I 


!l) 


reo 


APPENDIX. 

Hydrostatic  Locks. 


In  order  to  prevent  frauds  in  the  collection  of  toll, 
three  of  these  works  have  been  constructed ;— one  it 
Troy  one  at  Utica,  and  one  at  Syracuse.  They  are 
commonly  called  weigh-locks.  Th^  following  minute 
account  of  them  may  be  interesting  to  those  who  iiave 
never  seen  them. 

"These  hvdrostatic  locks  are  constructed  with  a 
chamber  sufficiently  large  to  receive  any  boat  used  on 
the  canal.  The  chamber  is  on  the  same  level  with  the 
canal,  and  is  filled  from  it  y  a  paddle  eate  which  is 
fixed  in  a  large  gate.  On  a  level  below  the  chamber, 
is  a  receptacle,  into  which,  by  a  gate,  the  chamber  can 
be  emptied,  and  from  this,  througii  another  gate,  the 
water  can  be  discharged.  The  gates  are  made  as  ai^cu 
rate  as  possible,  to  prevent  leakage ;  and  although  they 
<iannot  be  made  perfectly  tight,  yet  if  they  are  equally 
60,  the  result  wilt  be  equally  compensated  by  the  gain  at 
the  other. 

**  When  it  is  designated  to  ascertain  the  weight  of  a 
loaded  boat,  the  chamber  is  first  filled  by  the  opening  of 
the  paddle  gate,  after  which  the  lar^e  ^ate  b  opened, 
the  Doat  is  removed  from  the  canal  lato  the  chamber, 
and  the  gates  close  behind  it.  The  depth  of  the  water 
in  the  chamber  is  then  carefully  ascertained  by  a  metallic 
rod,  graduated  into  feet,  tenths,  and  hundredths  of  a 
foot,  and  the  cubic  contents  of  the  water,  with  the  boat 
floating  in  it,  is  at  once  obtained  from  a  table  construct- 
ed for  the  purpose,  and  adapted  to  the  graduations  of 
the  rod. 

"  Suppose  the  column  of  wat#r  in  the  lock  in  which 
the  boat  is  afloat,  is  85  feet  long,  16  wide,  and  4  feet 
deep;  then  by  multiplying  the  length,  width,  and  deuth 
uf  this  column  into  eacV;  other,  its  contents  iu  cuoic 
feet  are  obtained.  Thus,  85-f  16+43b6100  cubic  feet 
of  water  including  what  is  called  the  flotation  bulk  of 
the  boat,  or  In  other  words,  including  the  contents  of 
the  volume  of  water  displaced  by  the  boat.  The  water 
is  then  drawn  off  into  tne  receptaclei,  and  the  boa:  set- 
tles down  upon  timbers,  so  arranged  as  to  yield  to  its 
chape,  by  which  it  is  supported,  without  being  strained 


APPENDIX. 


it>l 


or  injured.  The  quantity  of  water  drawn  from  the  lock 
is  then  ascertained  by  the  graduated  rod.  Suppose  the 
WRter  in  the  receptacle  measures  30  feet  long,  26  feet 
wide^  and  5  feet  deep :  these  multiplied  into  each  other 
88  before,  will  produce  3750  cubic  feet.  It  is  a  prind- 
jple  IB  hydrostatics,  that  ever^  body  which  floats  in  wa- 
ter, displaces  a  volume  of  this  fluid,  precisely  equal  in 
weight  to  the  floating  body.  It  appears  from  the  above, 
that  the  water,  with  the  loaded  boat  floi^ting  in  it,  con- 
tained 5100  cubic  feet,  and  that  the  same  water,  drawn 
off  and  measured  separately,  contained  3750  cubic  feet, 
which  subtracted  from  the  preceding,  will  give  1350 
cubic  feet  of  water  displaced  by  the  loaded  boat.  And 
as  a  cubic  foot  of  fresh  water  weighs  lOOO  ounces  avoir- 
dupois, or  62  1-2  pounds,  it  follows  that  1350-f  62  1-2^ 
84875  is  the  weight  of  the  loaded  boat.  This  is  to  be 
reduced  to  tons,  and  the  weight  of  the  empty  boat  pre- 
viously ascertained  in  the  same  manner,  is  to  be  deanc- 
ted,  and  the  remainder  will  be  the  wei^t  of  the  cargo. 
After  an  empty  boat  has  been  once  weighed,  she  is  num- 
beredt  and  her  weight  is  registered  at  the  several  hy- 
drostatic locks." 


CLAIMS  I^R  DAMAGES. 

^'  The  proper  adjustment  of  claims  for  damages,  fre- 
quently involves  an  intricate  examination  into  titles, 
and  ofber  questions  of  considerable  difficulty.  The  fol- 
lowing among  others  have  occurred,  to  wit :  whether 
it  is  proper  to  pay  to  the  mortgagor  or  mortgagee,  where 
they  both  claim  the  damages ;  to  whom  the  damages 
shall  be  paid  which  have  been  awarded  on  premises  sold 
on  ei[ecution,  and  the  statutor;'^  period  oi  redemption 
hot  elapsed ;  whether  a  payment  to  a  widow,  of  a  natu- 
ral guardian  of  her  childien,  who  are  infant  heirs,  is 
proper." 

The  experience  of  two  or  three  years  is  necessary  to 
ascertain  the  actual  dranage  to  lands  through  which  the 
canal  passes.  From  the  great  variety  of  soils,  different 
effects  are  produced,  and  it  is  sometimes  a  great  while 
before  tlie  full  amount  of  damages  is  perceived.  In 
other  cases  as  in  those  of  leaks,  which  in  two  or  thre 
02 


rr 


m 


,  \'i  •  \r\ 


I  . 


'ill; 


iir 


162 


APPENDIX 


I 


years  become  perfectly  dry^  little  injury  is  sustained. 
When  necessary^  building;^  hare  been  removed,  and  the 
expense  of  removal  and  repairing:  paid  by  the  state. 
Some  of  the  claims  are  very  extravajs^ant,  thoug^h  urged* 
with  much  pertinacity^  Extensive  back  drains  have 
been  made  during  the  last  season;  and  much  of  the  land 
injured  by  leakage  redaimed.  Many  appraisements 
have  been  made,  and  many  more  are  under  consiilpration 
most  of  which  will  be  disposed  of  in  two  or  three 
months. 

AVERAGE  PAS8ACB   O^  BOATg. 

"  The  number  of  boats  which  have  passed  on  the  ca- 
nal, below  the  junction,  has  been  equal  to  an  average  of 
40  i^er  day,  through  the  season ;  between  the  junction 
and  Utica,  on  the  Erie  canal,  24  per  day ;  and  between 
tlticaaud  Rochester,  16  per  day,inqluding  packet  boats, 
of  which  4  run  daily. 

It  is  ascertained  that  a  boat  can  be  passed  through  a 
lock  in  fi^e  minutes ;  and  that  allowing  for  all  contingen- 
cies, one  can  be  passed  every  eight  minutes  during  the 
twenty-four  hours,  making  180  each  day. 

By  doubling  the  locks,  twice  this  number,  to  wit ;  360 
can  be  passed  daily,  without  much  inconvenience  at  the 
locks  or  elsewhere  on  the  canals,  provided  they  could 
move  in  regular  order :  for  allowing  them  to  move  in 
equal  numbers  each  way,  and  at  the  rate  of  2  1-2  miles 
an  hour,  a  boat  leaving  a  lock  at  the  time  another  is  en- 
tering, will  advance  l06  rods  in  eight  minutes,  and  will 
meet  another  boat  at  an  average  of  half  that  distance, 
or  every  53  rods.  Boats,  and  the  horses  towing^  them, 
might  meet  at  this  distance  without  any  material  inter- 
ruption or  inconvenience ;  so  that  another  towing  path, 
if  the  bridges,  aqueducts,  and  other  artificial  works,  and 
the  sliding  banks  and  perpendicular  rocky  precipices 
along  the  Mohawk  admitted  of  its  construction,  would 
be  wholly  unnecessary.  Two  boats  cannot  pass  each 
other  upon  any  of  the  aqueducts ;  and  the  canals  being 
but  40  feet  wide  on  the  surface,  and  28  at  the  bottom, 
and  the  boats  14  feet  wide,  only  two  can  pass  each  other 


APPENDIX. 


]<}.; 


oil  the  canal :  so  thai  only  one  ascending,  and  one  descen- 
ding line  of  boats  could  be  us<^d,  cTen  if  two  towing 
paUn  were  constructed.  Besides,  it  will  always  be  ne- 
cessary to  use  one  side  of  the  canal  as  a  place  of  deposit, 
for  articles  to  be  transported,  and  where  boats  may  lie 
to  load  or  unload.  When  those  who  navigate  the  canal 
find  it  necessary  to  stop,  in  order  to  feed  their  horses,  to 
take  in  or  discbar^^e  parts  of  their  cargo,  to  repair  their 
boats,  to  procure  provisions  or  water,  or  for  any  other 
purpose  whatever,  they  must  fasten  the  boat  to  one  side 
or  the  other  of  the  canal,  so  that  it  may  be  out  of  the 
way  of  passing  boats  :  and  it  is  not  perceived  how  this 
could  hf  done  if  there  were  a  towing  path  on  each  side 
of  the  eanal." 


lllHi 


A  PARALLEL  CANAL. 

**  The  great  press  of  business  on  the  eastern  section  of 
the  Erie  canal,  particularly  in  the  spring  and  falU  will 
before  long  exclude  packet  boats  from  the  use  of  this 
part  of  the  line,  unless  double  locks  are  made  the  whole 
distance,  and  even  then,  the  immense  crowd  of  boats  at 
these  periods,  will  produce  great  inconvenience  and  de- 
lay. There  are  some  places  on  the  eastern  section,  par- 
ticularly at  the  Little  Falls,  and  at  Yankee  Hill,  where 
it  would  be  almost  impossible  to  construct  double  locks ; 
and  in  several  others,  the  expense  would  be  very  great. 
And  it  is  presumed  that  the  experience  of  two  or  three 
years  more,  will  satisfy  the  public,  that  it  will  be  proper 
to  commence  the  construction  of  another  canal  parallel 
with  the  eastern  section.  This  canal  might  be  connected 
with  the  present  one,  at  the  east  end  of  the  long  level, 
between  nine  and  ten  miles  east  of  Utica;  from  thence  it 
might  cross  over  to  the  north  bank  of  the  Mohawk,  and 
be  continued  down  on  the  north  side  of  the  river  to 
Alexander's  Bridge,  at  the  upper  aqueduct,  nearly  four 
miles  below  Schenectady,  where  it  might  be  carried 
across  the  river,  and  continued  on  the  south  bank  to  tide 
water.  The  whole  of  this  line  has  never  been  carefully 
examined  and  levelled,  but  the  general  appearance  of 
the  country  is  nearly  as  favorable  for  a  canal  as  on  the 


■^i  iii  I 


i  t 


!■ 


164 


Al'Plii^DlA. 


m 


i; 


ortposite  side  oftheilver.  And  a  canal  on  the  uoiu 
91U  of  the  river  would,  by  its  southern  exposure,  always 
have  the  advantage  of  being  navigable  some  days  earlier 
ia  the  spring,  and  later  in  the  fall,  than  on  Uie  south 
.side;  although  that  advantage  may  appear  trifling  at 
present,  it  will  shortly  be  of  very  great  importance.  It 
is  found  by  experience,  that  the  middle  and  western  sec- 
tions of  the  canal  are  open  eight  or  ten  days  earlier  in  the 
spring  than  the  eastern  section.  The  natural  conse* 
quencc  of  this  will  be,  that  the  western  boats,  pressing 
forward  with  a  view  to  reach  the  market  as  early  as  pos- 
sible, and  return  with  merchandize  for  the  interior,  will 
accumulate  on  the  eastern  part  of  the  middle  section  in 
such  numbers,  as  literally  to  cover  the  canal  for  miles  ijj 
extent ;  and  will  be  detained  on  this  part  of  the  line  for 
several  days,  until  i\fe  warmth  of  the  atmosphere  shall 
have  dissolved  the  frosts  in  those  parts  of  tlhe  canal  to 
the  eastward,  which  are  shaded  from  the  sun  by  the  high 
banks  that  rise  on  the  south  side  of  the  Mohawk.  In  the 
fall  alsoi^  there  will  be  a  very  great  and  growing  ptsss  of 
business,  which  two  canals  would  very  much  facilitate. 
If  the  transportation  on  the  eastern  section  could  be 
equalized  throughout  lie  season,  and  a  double  set  of 
locks  constructed,  another  canal  would  probably  not  be 
necessary  within  fifteen  or  twenty  years :  but  the  vast 
accumulation  of  business  on  the  canal,  in  the  spring  and 
fall  months,  beyoi.d  what  it  is  in  the  summer,  will  ren- 
der it  proper,  and  perhaps  indispensable,  to  make  a  pak- 
rallel  canal  on  this  section  within  a  very  few  years  Irom 
this  time." 

CALCULATIONS. 

The  calculations  relative  to  the  Canal  Fund,  our  read- 
ers may  have  seen  in  the  Report  of  the  Commissioners 
of  that  fund.  In  the  present  report,  however,  it  is  stated 
as  probable,  that  at  the  end  of  ten  years,  after  paying  the 
canal  debt,  the  canal  will  produce  a  revenue. of  more  <Aan 
a  million  and  a  half ,  It  may  be  more,  but  can  hardly 
be  less. 


AP^EI^DIX. 


Uo 


^'  The  revenue  from  tolls  is  hereafter  destined  to  a  ra- 
pid increase-** 

**The  country  within  the  influence  of  the  Champlain 
canal  befinA  to  feel  the  beneficial  effects  of  this  great  im- 
provement, and  will  rapidly  augpnent  its  population, 
wealth,  and  resources.  The  toUs  on  this  canal,  the  past 
year,  exceed  the  inUr^t  of  the  amount  of  its  cost,  and 
those  tolls  will  probably  be  tripled  within  ten  years  from 
this  time.'* 

^  On  the  completion  of  the  Erie  canal,  a  vast  increase 
of  revenue  will  commence.  The  immense  country  con- 
tiguous to  the  great  western  lakes,  is  now  only  in  an  in- 
cipient state  of  improvement.  The  boundlesi  forests 
have  hardly  begun  to  recede  before  the  march  of  human 
industry. 

"  The  poulation  of  the  United  States  doubles  in  26 
years ;  although  many  of  the  old  settled  parts  continue 
to  be  necrly  stationary.  This  rapid  accession  to  our 
numbers  is  principally  created  by  emigration,  by  the  es- 
tablishment of  towns,  and  villages,  and  cities,  in  the 
wilderness :  and,  after  the  connexion  of  the  canal  with 
lake  Erie,  no  part  of  the  earth  can  offer  stronger  invita- 
tion to  the  enterprbing  emigrant,  than  the  west.  A 
temperate  climate,  and  an  uninterrupted  chain  of  water 
communication  to  the  ocean,  on  which  may  be  convey- 
ed  the  productions  of  distant  countries,  and  of  other 
climes,  in  return  for  the  surplus  growth  of  a  prolific  soil, 
are  among  its  peculiar  advantages.  An  immense  tide 
of  population  will  set  to  the  west,  and  after  overspread- 
ing the  extensive  borders  of  our  inland  seas,  it  will  throw 
back  upon  our  great  commercial  emporium,  up- 
on our  inland  cities,  a  correspondent  reflux  of 
weiilth  and  prosperity.  The  western  part  of  this  state, 
and  the  regions  still  farther  west,  whosn  supplies  and  sur- 
plus productions  will  traverse  the  Erie  canal,  contain 
et  this  time  a  population  which  c&nnot  be  estimated  at 
less  than  a  million.    This  population,  possessing  such 

Seculiar  advantages,  both  by  nature  and  art,  will  proba- 
ly  double  every  ten  years,  for  the  next  thirty  years; 
so  that  those  who  witnessed  the  commencement  of  the 
Erie  canal,  may,,  at  the  termination  of  their  period,  see 
the  productions  and  supplies  of  eight  millions  of  their  fel- 
low citizens  floating  upon  its  waters  " 


'i 


m 


Miiii 


V 


1<k> 


APPENDIX. 


''  Of  the  amount  of  tolls  collected  upon  the  Erie  cai^al 
the  past  year,  (ncirly  thr<ie  hundred  thousand  dollars} 
more  than  nineteen  twentieths  of  the  whole  has  been 
paid  by  citisens  of  this  state/' 

''The  regions  west  of  Buffalo,  have  hardly  begun  to 
pay  their  contributions  for  the  use  of  the  canal-  Could 
it  have  been  connected  with  lake  Erie  two  years  ago, 
so  as  to  have  navigated  to  the  extent  which  a  know* 
ledge  of  its  utility,  and  the  wants  of  the  ^eat  communi- 
ty within  its  influence,  would  have  required,  the  above 
amount  of  tolls,  as  we  believe,  would  have  been  increas- 
ed to  five  hundred  thousand  dollars.  And  if  there  is 
within  the  sphere  of  its  operation  a  population  of  one 
million,  whose  annual  contribution  in  tolls,  on  its  com- 
pletion and  full  frtiition,  would  be  half  a  million  of  dol- 
lars, there  is  no  reason  to  believe  that  the  augmentation 
of  tolls  Will  not  thereafter  keep  pace  with  the  increase  of 
popilation.  Onthissupposition,  the  Erie  canal  alone, 
will,  at  the  expiratitm  ot  ten  years,  give  a  revenue  of  a 
million  of  dollars/' 

AMOUNT  OF  BUSINESS    WHIOfi  CAN  BE  DONX  0^ 

THB  CANAL. 

*'The  annual  period  of  navigation  at  present,  is  about 
220  days ;  but  if  the  same  changes  of  climate  are  pro- 
duced m  our  own  country  (and  those  changes  appear  to 
be  rapidly  progressing,)  by  the  cutting  dpwti  of  toe  for- 
ests, as  have  been  proaiiced  in  France,  Germany,  Italy 
and  other  countries,  by  the  same  process,  our  annual  sea- 
sons of  navigation  will  ultimately  be  extended  to  260  or 
275  days.  Indeed,  should  our  climate  assimilate  to 
that  of  the  western  parts  of  the  continent  of  Europe,  in 
like  paralels  of  latitude,  the  yearly  period  of  navigating 
the  Erie  canal,  would  be  yet  longer. 

During  the  time  that  the  cat  als  have  been  in  use,  the 
boats  navigating  them  have  been  gradually  increased  in 
size;  and  nearly  all  those  which  have  beeii  last  built 
are  of  the  capacity  of  from  35  to  40  tons ;  and  it  is  prob- 
able that  after  a  few  years  more,  they  will,  in  descend- 
ing to  tide  water,  generally  carry  40  tons," 

^^  Jn  the  calculation  which  we  are  about  to  submit,  it 


APPENDIX. 


167 


\s  ussumed,  that  only  the  eastern  half  of  the  canal  is  to 
be  supplied  with  such  an  amount  of  transportation!  as  if 
equaUy  distributed  through  the  season,  would  require 
the  passage  of  a  boat  every  eight  minutes,  through  two  sets 
of  locks,  and  on  the  western  half  of  the  canal,  every 
eight  minutes  through  a  single  set  of  locks.  But  the 
time  will  arrive  within  fifty  years  when  the  number  of 
the  people  of  this  state,  who  will  use  the  canal,  will  form 
biit  an  mconsiderable  fraction  of  the  whole  number, 
whose  property  will  float  upon  it;  and  when  the  nine 
tenths  of  tiie  produce  and  merchandise  whirV.  is  trans- 
ported upon  tne  canal  will  pay  toll,  if  it  is  then  charge- 
able, for  the  tse  of  the  whole  length  of  the  line." 

"  It  is  found  that  the  produce  which  reaches  the  Hud* 
son  by  the  canal^i,  amounts  to  about  five  times  as  many 
tons,  as  the  merchandise,  kc.  which  is  sent  into  the 
country ;  anu  hy  this  ratio,  the  descending  boai>s  carry- 
ing 40  tons  each,  will  return  with  a  cargo  of  8  tons 
each." 

**  The  above  prejd^ses  will  gire  the  following  result: 


The  amount  of  produce  that  would  reach 

the  Hudson  in  one  season,  would  be 
And  of  merchandise  sent  to  the  west, 


Tons, 
1,684,000 
ai6,800 

1,900,800 


The  Erie  canal  being  362  miles  long,  a  toll  of  1 1-2 
cents  per  ton,  per  mile,  on  produce,  and  3  cents  per  ton, 
per  mile,  on  merchand'  le,  would  produce  the  following 
amount ' 

Toll  on  produce  on  western  half  of  canal, 
On  eastern  half, 

Toll  on  merchandise  on  western  half 
On  eastern  half, 


$2,160,280 

4,300,660 

860,112 

1,720,224 


Total,        99,031,176 

From  the  above  it  will  be  seen,  that  the  iCrie  canal 
may  give  a  revenue  in  one  year,  of  nine  million  thirty- 
one  thousand  one  hundred  and  seventy  six  dollars." 


166 


APPBNXMX. 

Tolls. 


The  tolls  collected  on  the  Erie  canal  tho  last  year 

amounted  to  ^f2»4jM»  (18 

On  the  Cbamplain  canal  43,214  46 

Total,  $840,761  OT 

The  followiof  statement  from  the  Collector's  Office 
at  Troy,  which  is  situated  below  the  {junction  of  the 
canals,  exhibits  the  principal  amount  of  all  the  articles 
which  have  passed  on  the  Erie  and  Cbamplain  canals. 

Amount  of  Articles  passing  North  and  West,  on  the  can«l 
atWesiTroy,  in  1824. 

tons.  cwt.  qr.  lb. 

24474  10  2  98 

3821  17  1  88 


Merchandize, 
Non  enumerated, 


Stone,  Clay  and  Sand, 
I K,  B<NirdB  and  Plank, 
Laths  and  Shingles, 


1121    4  2  27 

72  16  0   C 

3  16  0   C 

Total,  28994  2  3  17 


Amount  of  Transportation. 

Amount  of  Articles  passing  East,  to  Troy  and  Albany, 
on  the  Canal  at  West  Troy,  In  1824. 


Merchandise, 

?fon  enumerated, 

Cheese,  Butter,  Lard  and  Tallow^ 

Bush.  Coarse  Grain, 

69404 

Gaits.  Whiskey, 

361891 

Bush.  Wheat, 

28:720 

Bbls.  Ashes, 

28924 

Bbls.  Provisions, 

2428^ 

Bush.  Salt, 

78066 

Bbls.  Flour, 

142552 

Gypsum, 

. 

Cement  and  Lime, 

• 

Bbls.  Oil, 

Tierces  Seed 

1281 

Cords  Wood. 

6823 

tons,  cwtqrlb 

335  17  3  11 

1611  14  0  16 

12:5  11  3  le 

1325  17  3  12 

1456  17  3    6 

7626    8  2    8 

6784  16  0    0 

3469  in  1  10 

1951  13  0    0 

16820  18  0  16 

3892  10  0    0 

1256    0  0    0 

138    33    0 

256    4  0    0 

17057100 


APi"ENDIX. 


M  Staves, 
M  Sbinclf  s, 
Cubic  feet  Timber, 
Feet  Boards  and  Plank, 


2205 

6316 

241091 

35266614 


169 

6615    00    0 

947  6  20 

4904    6  2    0 

62884  16  0    0 


Failing  East,  128462    9  0    3 

Falsing  North  and  West,  28984    2  3  17 

Total  East,  North  and  West,  157446  11  3  20 

The  increasing  use  of  the  canals  will  be  perceived  by 
I  the  following  statement : 

In  1820,  the  tolls  on  94  miles  of  the  Erie 

canal  were. 
In  1821,  on  94  miles. 
In  1822,  on  116  miles,      . 
In  1823,  on  160  miles, 
In  1824,  on  280  miles, 


$5,437  34 

23,000  00 

67,160  39 

106,037  35 

294,546,  62 


The  debt  which  has  been  incurred  in  constructing  the 
canals,  including  what  will  be  required  to  co!njplete  the 
work  and  pay  the  damages,  will  at  the  close  ot  the  pre- 
sent year,  amount  to  about  7,700,000,  which  will  be 
chargeable  with  an  annual  interest  of  about  420,000.  In 
reference  to  the  payment  of  the  interest  and  the  extin- 
guishment of  the  principal  of  this  debt,  the  following 
calculation  is  submitted. 

The  income  of  the  canal  fund  during  the  year  1826, 
by  a  very  moderate  computation,  may  be  estimated  as 
follows : 

From  the  duties  on  salt,  $145,000 

steam-boat  tax  5,000 

dutieson  sales  at  auction,  200,000 

canal  tolls,  600,000 


if 
(I 


41 


Total,  860;<)00 

Considering  the  probable  amount  of  expenditures 
m  repairs,  improvements  and  superintendence  which 
will  be  necessary  in  1825,  and  in  1826,  it  may  be  esti- 
mated that,  for  these  purposes,  there  wUl  be  required, 
I  for  each  year  thereafter,  for  nine  years  the  sum  of 

$100,000 
Add  the  interest  one  year,  420,000 

520,0(K) 


■  I 


!;!l 


^.1 


t'l 


1 


;,»       It 


170 


APPENDIX. 


WhIdI  deducted  from  the  receipts  of  1826, 
leaves  en  eseess  of  390,000 

This  yeariy  eicess  will  be  au|meiited  by  the  avails  of  | 
the  canal   fund,   bat  principally  from  the  increasing 
amount  of  tolls,  at  an  average  of  $76,000  a  year,  for  the 
neitO years;  and  will,  at  the  end  of  that  period,  rate 
the  annual  income  to  $1,526000. 


9 


0   6 
0   6 


0 
1 


1 

0 
0 

4 
8 


1 

S 

1 
0 


5 
0 


1    0 


RATES  OF  TOLL, 

ON  THS  ERIE  AMD  CHAHFLAIN  CAVALS. 

Cents.  MiUs< 
On  salt  manufactured  in  this  state,  pet  ton, 

per  mile. 
On  gypsum,  the  product  of  this  state,  per  ton, 

per  mile, 
On  brick,  sand^  lime,  stone  imwron^t,  clay, 

earth,  lisached  tabes,  maiMire  and  iron  ore, 

per  ton,  per  mile, 
On  household  furniture  per  ton,  per  mile, 
On  timber,  squared  and  round,  psr  100  so- 

lid  feet,  per  mile. 
On  boards,  plank  and  scantling  reduced  to 

inch  measure,  and  all  siding  lath,  and  o- 
.  ther  sawed  stuff  less  than  one  inch  thick, 

per  M  feet,  per  mile,  if  conveyed  in  boats, 
The  same,  if  transmitted  in  rafts,  per  mile. 
On  shingles,  if  conveyed  in  boats,  per  M« 

per  mile. 
The  same,  if  transported  by  rafts. 
On  split  posts  and  rails  for  fencing,  per  M, 

per  mile. 
The  same  if  transported  in  rafts, 
On  wood  for  fuel,  (except  such  as  may  be 

used  in  the  manufacture  of  salt,  which 

shall  be  exempt  from  toll,)  one  cent  per 

cord,  per  mile,  if  in  boats. 
The  same  in  rafts. 
On  staves  and  headings,  for  pipes,  per  M,  per 

mile. 
On  do.  for  hogsheads,  per  M,  per  mile, 


0 
0 

2 

4 

0 
0 


0 
0 

0 

T 


APPENDIX. 


i:i 


0 


«    0 


so  0 


On  do  for  barrels,  or  other  yeiBeli  of  less 

site,  * 

I  On  tU  tUres  and  heeding:,  if  trensported 

by  reftf,  twice  the  ebove  retes, 
I  On  boats  mede  and  used  chiefly   for  the 

transportation  of  property,  per  mile, 
I  Ob  beets  used  chiefly  ror  the  transportation 

of  persons,  excepting  those  whicn  pass  on 

the  junction  canal,  per  mile, 
I  On  boats  of  the  above  description,  which  pass 

on  the  junction  canal,  and  which  are  not 

connected  with  the  regular  lines  of  boats 

for  the  transportation  of  passengers  on  the 

Erie  or  Champlain  canals,  per  mile. 
On  all  articles  not  enumerated,  which  are 

passing  toward!^  tide  water,  per  ton,  per, 

mile, 
On  all  articles  not  enumerated,  passing  from 

tide  water,  per  ton,  per  mile. 
Passengers  in  freight  boats,  estimated  at  150 

lbs.  each,  per  ton,  per  mile. 
Passengers  under  12  years  old,  in  freight  boats, 

1o  be  estimated  at  75  lbs  ea 

Ordered  that  hereafter  the  above  Rates  of  Toll  be 
charged  and  collected  on  the  Erie,  Champlain  and  juno-. 
tion  Canals. 

STEPHEN  VAN  RENSSELAER, 
SAMUEL  YOUNG, 
HENRY  SEYMOUR, 
WILLIAM  C.  BOUCK, 

March  17, 1825. 

Canals  in  Great  Britaik. 

There  are  in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  103  canals,  of 
which  97  belong  to  England,  5  to  Scotland,  and  one  to 
Ireland.  In  this  number  none  are  included  which  are 
not  more  than  6  miles  long.  The  total  extent  of  these 
canals  is  2682 1-4  miles ;  of  which  2471  are  in  England, 
149  3-4  in  Scotland,  and  69  1-3  in  Ireland.    Thirty  mil- 


50    0 


1    5 
3    0 


5 


I 


t'ti 


•r-^i 


ra 


APPENDIX. 


lions  sterling 's  tiie  value  of  the  cost.  The  stock  of  some 
of  these  rose  in  a  few  years  to  IG  or  20  times  its  original 
value.  These  various  canals  present  48  subterranean 
passages,  40  of  which  have  an  extent  of  about  32  English 
miles.  None  of  these  works,  important  as  they  are 
were  projected  prior  to  1755.  The  patriotic  and  en- 
lightened zeal,  of  the  Duke  of  Bridgewater,  and  the  tal- 
ents of  Brindley,  gave  the  first  decisive  impulse  to  their 
improvemements  in  1759.  1  here  is  now  scarcely  a  point 
of  importance  in  England,  that  has  not  a  water  commur 
nication  with  every  pther. 


The  Route  from  Boston 

to 

WINNIPISEOGEE  LAKE 

and  the 

WHITE  MOUNTAINS  in  J^ew  Hampshire. 

Too  much  cannot  be  said  to  the  traveller  in  favour  of 
this  delightful  region,  if  he  be  a  man  of  taste,  as  all  that 
he  especially  loves  in  the  varying  face  of  nature  is  here 
presented  to  view,  by  a  country  abounding  with  the 
most  sublime  and  interesting  objects  and  scenes  to  be 
found  in  the  whole  circuit  of  New  England,  scenes 
which,  while  present  to  the  eye,  communicate  the  high- 
est pleasure,  and  at  parting  leave  a  deep  and  permanent 
impression  on  the  mind  which  can  never  be  forgotten. 
It  is  the  object  of  this  book  to  point  out  the  most  agree- 
able routes,  and  to  make  known  channels  of  communi- 
ration,  which  although  every  one  is  not  apprised  of 
them,  may  be  found  convenient  and  valuable ;  calculat- 
ed to  favour  the  pursuits  of  taste,  and  to  gratify  the 
wishes  of  those  who  would  meet  at  our  great  fashionable 
watering  places,  whether  in  search  of  health  or  recrea- 
tion or  mends,  among  the  gay  crowds  which  annually 
assemble  there. 

It  is  not  within  the  plan  of  this  first  edition  of  **  The 
Northern  Traveller*'  to  admit  any  thing  more  than  a 
hasty  sketch  of  places  far  removed  from  the  principal 
routes  mentoncd  in  the  title-page.  It  is  intended,  how- 
ever, at  a  future  time,  to  make  large  additions  to  the 
work,  and  to  give  a  particular  account  of  this  part  of 
the  country,  which  has  been,  not  unappropriately, 
named  the  Switzerland  of  the  United  States,  by  em- 
bracing the  journey  up  the  Marrimack,  as  well  as  the 
tour  of  Winnipiseogee  Lake,  the  White  Hills,  &c.  The 
following  hints  concerning  the  routes  may  be  found  of 
some  advantage ;  and  the  descriptions  of  the  principal 
P2 


1 1 


J  111 


1A 


ll-i!i 


174 


APPENDIX. 


•objects  seen  from  the  Red  Hill  and  Mount  Washington 
will  be  read  with  interest. 

Stage  Coaches  run  to  Concord  from  Boston,  as  well 
as  Portsmouth,  and  others  from  that  place  in  various 
other  directions. 


CONCORD,  N.  H. 

Inns. — There  are  several  good  inns  in  th's  town,  but 
the  principal  and  best  are  the  great  stage  houses  nearly 
opposite  each  other,  and  just  south  of  the  State  House. 

Concord  is  a  flourishing  place  and  the  capital  of  New 
Hampshire.  If  the  traveller  is  going  towards  the  White 
Mountains,  it  is  the  only  lai^e  town  he  will  see  for  some 
days.  It  stands  principally  on  a  single  street,  which  is 
of  considerable  length  and  convenient  breadth,  lined 
with  many  large  and  respectable  buildings,  and  running 
parallel  with  the  Merimack,  which  is  at  a  short  distance 
on  the  east. 

A  direct  water  communication  is  kept  up  between  this 
river  and  Boston  through  the  Middlesex  canal,  by  means 
of  boats,  which  carry  merchandize  down  for  $5  a  ton, 
and  bring  it  up  for  $7. 


QUARRY. 

There  is  a  large  quarry  of  granite  near  Concord,  which 
affords  stone  almost  as  white  as  marble,  probably  the 
finest  building  stone  in  the  United  States.  If  the  stran- 
ger has  arrived  at  Concord  from  the  north,  he  will  have 
seen  enough  of  the  quality  of  the  rocks  to  prevent  him 
from  being  surprised  at  the  occurrence  of  so  valuable  a 

Suarry  as  that  near  the  town,  as  he  must  have  observed 
le  abundance  of  fine  granite  scattered  over  the  country 
in  large  boulders,  or  rolled  rocks,  and  noticed  the  im- 
portant uses  to  which  it  is  applied.  They  may  be  tra- 
ced  along  the  road  all  the  way  from  this  placfe  to  the 
neighbourhood  of  Connecticut  river ;  and  although  the 
stones  differ  in  their  texture  from  the  finest  grain  to  those 
which  contain  chrystals  of  feldspar  three  or  four  inches 
in  length,  they  all  resemble  eacn  other  in  the  freedom 
and  justness  of  their  fracture. 


APPEiNDlX. 


J  75 


Ii  is  not  for  a  hasty  traveller  to  intermeddle  with  con- 
jectures; but  it  will  doubtless  lead  to  the  discovery  of  ma- 
ny interesting  facts,  when  this  tract  of  country  is  examin- 
ed at  leisure  by  men  of  science  and  research,  and  thesrt 
immense  and  numerous  rocks  traced  back  to  the  moun- 
tains and  peaks  from  which  they  have  been  formerly  torn 
away  by  some  tremendous  exertion  of  nature. 

The  quarry  is  two  miles  no  th  of  Concord,  A  single 
mass  otrock  occupied  the  workmen  for  several  months 
during  the  season  of  1824. 


The  State  House 

occupies  a  conspicuous  situation  near  the  middle  of  the 
town  a  little  removed  from  the  street,  and  surrounded 
by  a  handsome  stone  wall  enclosing  an  area.  It  is  built 
of  hewn  granite  from  the  quarry,  and  is  a  neat  edifice, 
100  feet  long,  with  a  large  nail  on  the  first  floor,  and  on 
the  second  the  Senate  and  Representatives'  Chaml^ers, 
with  the  committee  rooms,  state  offices,  &c.  &c.  The 
view  from  the  top  is  extensive,  but  embraces  a  tract  of 
country  too  little  cultivated  to  be  rich  and  too  unvaried 
to  be  picturesqe.  At  the  northward  are  seen  two  or 
three  distinct  peaks,  which  may  serve  as  an  earnest  of  the 
magnificent  scenery  to  be  furnished  to  the  traveller  in 
that  direction. 


M 


.    The  State  Prison 

is  built  at  a  short  distance  from  the  State  House,  and 
bears  a  still  greater  appearance  of  solidity  and  strength. 
There  is  an  Academy  of  some  consequence  in  Con- 
cord, with  several  crmrches.  No  less  than  four  news 
papers  are  printed  here,  and  gazettes  from  distant  places 
may  be  found  at  the  inns.  Farm'*'*  h  Moore's  Gazet- 
teer of  New  Hampshire  is  the  best  cumpanion  for  a  trav- 
eller in  thb  state. 


\i' 


Roads. 

Several  lines  of  stagc-coachess  ^riect  in  this  town  three 
times  a  week.     Three  go  to  Boston,  one  to  Portsmouth, 


176 


appendix:. 


one  to  Plymouth,  one  to  Haverhill,  and  one  to  Burling- 
ton by  the  way  of  Windsor.  Another  line  will  probablv 
be  established  between  this  place  and  Conway,  on  the 
road  to  the  J^Qtch  in  the  Mountains^  whence  it  is  intended 
lo  send  another  by  the  Notch  to  Bath  on  Connecticut 
river. 

There  is  a  road  on  each  side  of  the  Lake  towards 
Conway,  but  that  on  the  west  is  recommended— At  all 
event  the  traveller  should  spend  a  day  at  Center  Har- 
bour. 

For  some  miles  before  reaching  this  place,  the  country 
begins  to  assume  the  features  of  bold  and  mountain  sce- 
nery. Even  before  arriving^  at  the  lake,  the  prospect  is 
varied  with  many  of  those  noble  elevations  which  rise  to 
such  a  heig^ht  of  grandeur  and  sublimity  as  the  traveller 
proceeds ;  and  the  frequent  g^limpses  afforded  between 
the  slopino; hills,  over  the  beautifullake  below,  by  a  hap- 
py contrast  encrease  the  effect.  The  number  and  diver- 
sity of  the  islands  with  which  the  lake  is  spang:led,  will 
be  objects  of  particular  admiration  They  are  countless 
for  multitude,  and  in  size  present  all  the  g:radations  be- 
ttfrjQi^n  asing^le  rock,  and  a  surface  sufficient  for  several 
extensive  farms. 


*  ft  ) 


At  CENTRE  HARBOUR 

There  are  two  inns,  at  either  of  which  the  traveller  may 
find  himself  comfortable,  and  where  he  will  be  amply  re- 
warded, if  the  weather  be  line,  by  stopping  at  least  a  day 
to  make  an  excursion  to  the  top  of 


RED  MOUNTAIN. 

This  eminence  may  be  about  1500  feet  in  height,  and 
is  accessible  for  about  two  thirds  of  the  way  in  a  car- 
riage or  on  horseback,  though  not  without  some  difficul- 
ty, on  account  of  the  steepness  and  roughness  of  the 
road.  Indeed  the  path  is  very  rocky  for  half  a  mile  or 
more  before  reaching  the  base  of  the  mountain,  and  the 
hardy  pedestrian  will  prefer  to  leave  his  horse  at  the 
main  road,  before  turning  off  by  the  mill.  The  travel- 
>Fr  should  direct  his  course  towards  a  little  notch  he  will 


APPENDIX. 


17' 


see  about  three  quarters  of  the  distance  up,  where  a  cul- 
tivatet'.  field  and  a  fence  are  visible.  From  the  house 
situated  there,  he  must  turn  towards  the  left,aad  follow  a 
path  to  the  summit. 

An  early  visit  is  r«?commended,  as  the  scene  is  much 
improved  by  an  oblique  lig^ht,  and  the  morning  is  on  seve- 
ral accounts  to  be  preferred. 

The  following  slcetch  of  the  scene  was  noted^down  on 
he  spot,  and  may  be  taken  as  generally  correct. 


11 


View  erom  Red  Moitntaix. 

JSTorth^  the  eastern  end  of  Squam  Lake,  and  part  of  a 
pond  lying  near  it,  with  the  range  of  the  Sandwich 
mountains  behind,  stretching  off  towards  the  east,  with 
numerous  dark  brown  peaks,  partly  cultivated  about 
their  bases,  and  enveloped  above  with  forests,  excepting 
their  summits,  which  are  generally  divested  of  vedure. 
Par  beyond  these  appear  several  loftier  peaks,  which 
mi^t  be  mistaken  for  the  White  Mountams,  were  they 
visible  from  this  point.  An  intermediate  peak  with 
rocky  precipices  may  be  White-faced  Mountain. 


East  North  East, 

The  eye  ranges  up  the  spacious  valley  through  wh.cli 
lies  the  wa^  to  the  White  Mountains;  and  the  road 
which  is  to  conduct  the  traveller  seems  diminished  to  the 
dimensions  of  a  garden  walk.  Chocaway,  or  as  it  is  fa- 
miliarly called  Corroway  Peak^  rises  on  the  left ;  while 
the  noble  ridge  of  the  Ossipee  Mountains  begins  nearer  ul 
hand  on  the  right,  and  almost  over-shadows  the  obseiver 
wita  its  enormous  size.  The  sides  of  these  mouutain^i 
show  a  beautiful  display  of  farms,  interspersed  with  wood 
lots  and  dwellings,  which  in  many  places  have  encroach- 
ed far  up  towards  the  summits,  and  in  others  pursue  the 
slope  of  the  fertile  uplands  to  the  valley  at  theii  feet. 
Numerous  elevations  appear  at  a  greater  distance,  and 
range  themselves  in  lines  to  complete  the  perspective  of 
a  most  magnificent  vista,  which  finally  closes  at  a  ridge 
whose  shade  is  reduced  by  its  remoteness  to  the  colour  of 
<:^Jon(l.    A  prominent  and  repiarkable  mountain  which  a 


'i;  1 


I    '  i; 


! 


4 

I. 


178 


APPENDIX. 


appears  scarcely  less  distant,  is  called  Fickwaket  Moun^ 
tain,  and  rises  by  the  Saco  River,  r.ear  the  place  where 
Captain  Lovell  fougrht  his  well  known  battle  with  the 
Indians;  and  the  fine  valley  between,  is  the  country 
passed  over  in  that  fatal  expedition, both  in  the  approach 
and  the  retreat. 

East. 

The  view  abuts  upon  the  Ossipee  mountains,  and  no 
variety  is  afibrded  till  we  turn  to  the 

I       South  South  East. 

In  ^at  direction,  and  farther  to  the  right,  the  whole 
surface  of  Winnipiseogee  Lake  lies  charmingly  spread  out 
to  view,  varied  by  numerous  points  and  headlands, 
and  interspersed  with  beautiful  islands  which  man  de- 
spairs to  number.  Several  distant  elevations  appear,  on 
this  side  of  which  the  slop^*>g  lanu  just  mentioned  extends 
for  several  miles  along  the  shore,  with  a  well  cultivated 
surface  spotted  in  all  directions  with  large  banns  and  farm- 
houses, to  the  very  margin  of  the  lake.  There  numerous 
points  run  out  far  into  the  water,  to  complete  the  lab}'- 
rinths  formed  by  the  islands.  Gunstock  mountain  rises 
one  point  East  of  South,  just  on  the  left  of  which  opens 
the  entrance  to  Merry-meeting  Bay.  The  elevated  is- 
lands  on  the  right  of  that  is  Battlesnake  Island,  named 
from  tibe  venomous  reptiles  with  which  it  abounds ;  over 
this  the  distant  land  appears  high.  South  by  West 
riseva  high  hill  resembling  the  Ossipee  in  the  richr^ss  of 
its  slopes. 

The  South  West  and  West  is  agreeably  varied  with 
wood  lots  and  cleared  fields,  scattered  over  an  undulated 
surface,  which  extends  for  many  milef,  in  some  places 
quite  to  the  horizon,  and  in  others  to  the  broken  bounda- 
ry of  tall  but  distant  mountains.  In  tlie  South  West  ap- 
pear two  or  three  peaks,  so  far  removed  that  they  are  al- 
most lost  in  the  blue  of  the  sky.  Nearly  West  are  seen 
several  ridges  of  inferior  magnitude,  which  approaching 
as  the  eye  slowly  moves  towards  the  left,  at  length  come 
near  the  lake,  and  disappear  behind  the  neighbouring 
mountain?. 


.\-ii 


APPENDIX. 


1:9 


Long  Pond  may  be  distinguished  I  /  its  shining^  surface 
between  the  West  and  South,  with  several  o&er  little 
sheets  of  water  which  lie  in  tranquility  among  the  shelter 
of  the  hilli. 

Wiimipiseogee  Lake  is  19  miles  in  length,  from  Center 
Harbour  to  Alton,  at  the  south  eastern  extremity.  Mer- 
ry-meeting Bay  lies  beyond.  Several  of  the  islands  are 
large  and  contain  good  farms  and  wealthy  inhabitants, 
although  only  two  or  three  of  them  belong  to  any  town, 
or  pay  any  fixes.  Some  of  their  names  are  Rattlesnake, 
Cow,  Bear,  and  Moon  Island ;  also  Half-mile,  One  mile. 
Two  mile  island,  &c.  &c.  None  of  them  contailt  chur- 
ches ;  and  although  they  have  no  school-houses,  yet  suffi* 
cient  attention  is  paid  to  the  rudiments  of  eduiation,  to 
render  the  children  int^igent. 

SauAM  Lakjb 

lies  West  from  Red  Mountain ;  and  like  Winnipiseogee 
Lake  abounds  not  only  in  islands  but  in  fish  of  the  finest 
deseriptions.  Fine  treut  are  caught  here  in  great  abun^ 
danee^andof  a  size  superior  to  those  of  the  other  lake. 
The  trout  of  Winnipiseogee  Lake  vary  from  one  to  four 
pounds  in  weight,  while  those  of  Squam  Lake  are  between 
four  and  ten*  They  are  sometimes  caught  of  nearly 
double  that  size ;  but  that  is  very  uncommon.  The 
trout  fishery  is  chiefly  carried  on  during'Uie  winter^  Jjrh^ 
great  quantities  are  salted  for  the  Boston  Market.  <tf<w 
also  abound  very  much  in  these  waters,  and  are  renuuntft" 
blrfine.  ^ 


Geology. 

The  sides  of  Red  Mountain  are  covered  with  half  de- 
composed granite.  (On  the  South  Easter^fide  of  the 
lake  a  bed  of  porcelain  clay  has  been  dicoverTO,w:hich  is 
probablv  dnrived  from  a  similar  source.)  The  granite  is 
speckled  with  hornblende  and  black  mica.  No  rocks  to 
be  seen  in  Situ  except  near  the  summit,  where  they  bear 
a  gentle  dip  towards  the  North,  and  are  slightly  tinged 
with  redduh  quartz  and  feldspar. 


Uj  I 


.  i  ) 


I-HI 


ya 


180 


APPENDIX. 


The  hue  of  the  shrubbery  in  autumn  has  given  thfi 
mountain  its  name.  The  summit  is  strewed  with  loose 
frag^meats,  and  musquetoes  and  bhuk  flies  ofien  abound 
there. 

A  few  days  may  be  spent  at  centre  Harbour  very  a- 
greeably,  in  makings  shooting  and  tishinj^  excursions  in 
the  neighbourhood,  or  in  sailing  upon  the  Lake,  which 
abounds  in  the  most  interesting  variety  of  scenes.  On 
leaving  this  place  by  water,  at  the  distance  of  five  miles 
the  White  Mountains  rise  into  view  above  tho  interme- 
diate peaks,  and  continue  in  sight  quite  across  the  Lake. 
A  few  deer  are  still  found  in  some  places  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood, but  being  protected  by  law,  and  still  more  by 
their  scarcity^  are  very  rarely  taken. 

From  Centre  Harbour  to  Conway^  18  miles.  Stop  at 
Abbott's,  which  is  a  good  private  inn. 

^Thejoumey  from  Centre  Harbour  to  Conway  is  over 
a  fine  but  thinly  populated  country.  At  that  place  the 
range  of  the  White  Mountains  opens  to  view  in  the  most 
magnificent  manner. 

The  shortest  road  from  Conway  to  the  mountains 
leads  directly  to  Bartlett;  but  'he  most  travelled  as  well 
as  the  most  agreeable  route  is  by  the  way  of  Fryeburg, 
where  will  be  seen  the  beautiful  tract  oi  level  country 
through  which  meanders  the  Saco  riyer,  and  the  great 
Fickwaket  Mountain  which  rises^  from  it's  border. 
That  was  the  favourite  residence  of  the  once  powerful 
nation  of  Fickwaket  Indians,  and  on  the  bank  of 
Lovell's  Pond,  was  fought  a  bloody  battle  between 
them  and  a  company  of  troops  from  Macbachuselts,  in 
the  year  1726,  just  a  century  ago. 

Through  Fryeburg  passes  the  Portland  mail  road. 
Bartlett  is  a  comfortable  village  situated  in  a  rich  valley, 
or  interval,  where  the  view  is  bounded  on  every  side  by 
near  and  lofty  mountains.  The  inn  of  the  place  is  kept 
by  Judge  Hall.  Pursuing  still  the  course  of  'he  narrow 
valley,  against  the  current  of  the  Saco,  the  country  is 
found  destitute  of  inhabitants,  excepting  only  three  or 
four  poor  families,  until  arriving  at 


h>% 


APPENDIX. 
Crawford's  Faru, 


181 


Seven  and  a  half  miles  south  of  the  Notch.  Here  the 
traveller  wilt  be  cheerfully  and  comfortably  entertained^ 
although  the  house  does  not  wear  the  sign  of  an  inn. 
This  is  the  place  from  which  visitors  formerly  began  their 
excursions  to  the  summit  of  the  mountains :  but  the  best 
place  is  at  Ethan  A.  CrawfordPsfarm,  12  miles  beyond. 
Prospect  Mountain^  one  of  the  five  principal  peaks, 
presents  itself  to  view  a  little  before  arrivuiff  at  the  first 
Crawford's,  with  its  smooth  rounded  summu  of  bromm 
moss,  rising  several  hundred  feet  above  the  region  of 
vegetation,  and  offering  an  aspect  which  distinguishes 
these  from  the  other  elevations. 

The  Notch  House 

is  situated  in  a  secluded  little  valley,  about  6  miles  north 
of  Crawford's,  and  is  the  only  building  seen  in  a  distance 
of  12  miles.  It  is  however  never  inhabited  during  the 
summer  season,  though  open,  with  itscheerlessshelter,te 
all  comers  ?  in  the  winter  a  family  occupies  it  to  keep  a 
fire,  lodgings  and  a  little  food  prepared  for  the  travel- 
lers and  waggoners^  who  might  otherwise  perish  for 
want  of  the  necessaries  of  life. 

The  road  rises  wiith  a  steep  ascent  for  a  considerable 
distance  before  it  reaches  tne  Notch,  and  the  traveller 
observes  two  cataracts,  one  pouring  down  a  precipitous 
mountain,  at  a  distance  on  the  west  side  of  the  velleyt 
and  the  other,  which  is  called 

The  Flume, 

rushing  down  on  the  right  hand,  and  crossing  the  road 
under  a  bridge.  The  scenery  is  sublime  and  Impressive 
beyond  description. 

The  Notch 

is  so  narrow  as  to  allow  only  room  enough  for  the  path 
and  the  Saco,  which  is  here  a  mere  brook  only  four  feet 
la  breadth.    Two  rocks  stand  at  the  sides  of  this  re- 


f 


!■ ;  s 


1^ 


Ai*PE^DlX. 


markable  passage,  one  12  and  the  other  about  20  feet  in 
perpendicular  height.  A  little  meadow  opens  beyond, 
ana  after  a  ride  of  4  1-2  miles,  the  traveller  reaches  a 
comfortable  house,  just  completed  by  Mr.  E.  A.  Craw- 
ford,  where  he  will  be  received  and  entertained.  The 
next  house  is  Rosebrook^s,  6  miles  beyond. 

Crawford's  House 

is  the  place  where  those  who  meditate  the  ascent  ot 
Mount  Washington,  will  stop  for  a  day  or  more.  The 
master  of  the  house  will  act  as  a  guide,  and  is  well 
qualified  for  the  office,  both  by  his  intimate  acquaint- 
ance with  the  way,  and  the  various  kind  attentions  and 
amusing  anecdotes  with  which  he  knows  how  to  re- 
lieve the  tediousnei's  of  the  ascent.  The  best  arrange- 
ment is  to  set  out  in  tht  afternoon,  spend  the  night  at  the 
weekwam  or  **  Camo,*^  ascend  the  mountain  early  in  the 
morning  to  have  tne  benefit  of  the  view  by  sun-rise, 
and  return  to  Crawford's  before  the  ensuing  evening. 

The  ascent  of  the  mountain  was  Ibrnierly  a  most  ar- 
duous undertaking,  and  was  very  rarely  performed^ 
though  three  ladies  are  enumerated  amono;  those  who 
^ined  the  summit  before  the  present  facilities  were  af- 
lorded.  The  whole  way  lies  through  a  perfect  fbreet. 
A  foot-path  h  .s  been  made  by  Mr.  Crawford,  which 
liowever  is  impassable  for  a  horse.  The  first  seven  mileja 
are  over  a  surface  comparatively  level ;  but  the  last  two 
miles  and  a  quarter  are  up  an  ascent  not  differing  much 
from  an  angle  of  forty-five  degrees.  The  streams  of  the 
Ammonoosuc  river,  which  are  to  be  crossed  seven  times, 
add  not  a  little  to  the  inconveniences  of  the  journey ; 
but  a  comfortable  bed,  and  a  fire,  (if  the  weather  be 
cbill^  will  be  fouud  very  welcome  at 

Xn£  Camp, 

C  3-4  miles  from  Crawford's.  Here  provisions  of  differ- 
ent kinds  will  be  produced,  and  even  cooked  by  a  cheer- 
ful fire,  and  if  the  travellers  are  sportsmen,  andthe  sea- 
soais  favoutable,  a  dish  of  flue  trout  may  soon  be  cb 


rained  fro 

ivithin  tw 

Thea9< 

and  the  m 

tain  the  s 

when  he  c 

rision  fron 

part  of  th< 

which  is  s 

knarled  fii 

give  plac< 

bed  of  mo 

granite  roc 

spiders  ant 

the  only  i 

Icet. 


In  a  clea 
boundless. 
Bast  and 
which  the 
mouataino 
while  the 
out  like  a 
distance,  ti 

Toward 
extent  of 
Mountains 
towns,  adc 
country ; 
zon  with  t 
sight  perhi 
out  such  a 
capital  of 

On  the 
gin  river, 
and  was  th 
hostile  inc 


APPENDIX. 


J  CM 


laincd  from  the  romaatic  little  stream  wliicb  da^csby 
%vithin  twenty  yards  of  the  encajupmcut. 

The  ascent  of  Mount  Washington  begins  just  at  honvl, 
and  the  most  arduous  exertion  will  be  necessary  to  at- 
tain the  summit,  which  seems  to  fly  before  the  strangrr 
when  he  deems  it  just  attained,  and  to  look  down  in  de- 
rision from  a  new  and  more  hopeless  height.  The  first 
part  of  the  way  is  through  a  thick  forest  of  heavy  timber, 
which  is  suddenly  succeeded  by  a  girdle  of  dwarf  and 
knarled  fir-trees,  which  ending  as  suddenly  as  they  began, 
give  place  to  a  kind  of  short  bushes,  and  finally  a  thin 
bed  of  moss,  not  half  sufficient  to  conceal  the  immenso 
graiiite  rocks  which  deform  the  surface.  A  few  straggling 
spiders  and  several  species  of  little  flowering  plants  aro 
the  only  objects  that  attract  the  attention  under  the 
teet. 


VIEW  FROM  THE  SUMMIT. 

In  a  clear  atmosphere  the  view  is  sublime  and  almost 
boundless.  The  finest  part  of  it  lies  towards  the  Souths 
Eatt  and  South,  Looking  down  the  valley  through 
which  the  road  ha«  conducted  us,  a  fine  succession  of 
mountainous  summits  appears  for  many  miles  below, 
while  the  bright  surface  of  Winnipiseogee  Lake,  spread 
out  like  a  clear  mirror,presents  a  charming  object  in  the 
distance,  with  its  variegated  shores  and  placid  bosom. 

Towards  the  south  east  also,  the  eye  ranges  over  an 
extent  of  surface  which  quite  bewilders  the  mind. 
Mountains,  hills  and  v  allies,  farm-houses,  villages  and 
towns,  add  their  variety  to  the  natural  features  of  tho 
country ;  and  the  ocean  may  be  discovered  at  the  hori- 
zon with  the  help  of  a  telescope,  although  the  sharpest 
sight  perhaps  has  never  been  able  to  distinguish  it  with- 
out such  assistance.  In  that  direction  lies  Portland,  the 
capital  of  Maine. 

On  the  north  east  is  seen  the  valley  of  the  Andriscog- 
^m  river,  which  abounds  in  wild  and  romantic  scenery, 
and  was  the  usual  passage  by  which  the  Indians,  in  their 
hostile  incursions  from  Canada,  used  to  approach  Che 


4 


H" 


IM 


APPENDIX. 


eaatern  frontier  settlementi  of  MassachusetU  and  New- 
Hampshire. 

Jfortfh  the  country  is  more  wild  and  uncultivated ; 
and 

ff>«/,  the  nearer  view  is  over  a  mountainous  region, 
covered  with  a  thick  forest,  through  which  only  an  oc> 
cosional  opening  is  perceived,  formed  by  the  farms  (or 
clearings)  of  the  hardy  inhabitants.  Beyond,  the  hills 
nre  seen  to  rise  from  the  opposite  shore  of  Connecticut 
liver,  the  surface  of  which  is  every  where  hidden  from 
A'iew,  and  the  summits  rising  higher  and  higher,  termi- 
uate  in  the  ridges  of  the  Green  Mountains  in  Vermont. 


mi 


Otology. 

Loose  fragments  of  granite  are  every  wh6re  scattered 
over  the  mountain,  with  some  specimens  of  gneiss.  The 
granite  is  generally  grey,  and  at  first  fine  grained,  but 
grows  coarser  as  we  ascend  and  is  occasionally  sprin- 
kled with  small  garnets.  At  the  summit  it  frequently 
contains  a  little  black  tourmaline,  sometimes  in  clt»- 
sing  crystals.  On  the  summit  iilso  some  of  the  granite  is 
tinged  with  red,  although  much  of  it  is  coloured  bright 
green  by  lichens,  dampened  by  tlie  humidity  of  the  clouds, 
and  interspersed  with  thick  and  soft  grey  moss.  The 
grain  of  the  coarse  granite  is  elongated;  and  what 
strikes  the  visitor  as  very  singular,  is,  that  not  a  single 
rock  is  to  be  fouhd  in  its  original  place — every  thing 
bears  the  mark  of  removal ;  and  this  taken  into  view 
with  the  precipice  on  the  northern  side  seems  to  indicate, 
that  the  summit  of  the  mountain  has  fallen  down  and 
disappeared.-— 

The  best  road  west  leads  through  Bethlehem  to  Bath. 


1-15T  l»' 

OJUTALS,  ROAD8,  AlO. 

proposed  nnee  this  work  was  put  iopreS9^  in  those  parti 
of  the  oottntiy  to  which  it  reters.  * 

CONEWANGO  CANAL. 

At  a  meeting  held  at  Coaewango  on  the  8th  of  Feb> 
niary^  it  was 

Rtsokedy  Thiat  a  union  of  the  waters  of  the  Erie  ca« 
nal  and  the  waters  of  the  AUeganv  River  would  be 
highly  advantageous  to  the  state,  and  that  no  route  pre- 
sents fewer  obstacles  or  greater  facilities  for  canalling 
than  that  from  Buffalo  to  the  Conewango  Creek. 

Resolved^  That  James  JfOlashan^  George  A.  iS.  Crook^ 
tr^  Thomas  F.  Palmer^  J^'athan  Ula  ar^  He^ry  Day, 
hevi  Chennyy  and  Lewis  Holbrook,  be  a  committee  to 
correspond  with  other  similar  committees,  and  to 
take  such  other  measures  as  may  be  by  them  deemed 
advisable  for  the  accomplishment  of  the  enterprize. 

Catskill  and  Scuobabie  Canal. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  town  of  Cat- 
skill  held  at  the  Court  House,  on  Monday  evening,  tho 
21st  day  of  February  1826,  for  the  purpose  of  taking 
into  consideration  the  propriety  ol  applying  to  the  le- 
^slature  for  an  act,  incorporating  a  company,  with  suf- 
hcient  capital  to  construct  a  Canal  from  the  village  of 
Catskill,  along  the  valley  of  the  Catskill  Creek,  to  if., 
head  waters  in  the  town  of  Middleburgh,  in  the  county 
of  Schoharrie ;  and  from  thence  the  most  eligible  route 
to  the  Krie  CanaU-— 
02 


ill' 


J  86 


AFPEiNDlX. 


Resolved,  That  an  application  be  made  to  the  legis>« 
lature  for  an  act  incorporating  a  committee  for  the  pur- 
poses herein  mentioned,  and  that  a  memorial  be  drawn 
up  and  circulated,  to  bring  the  subject  before  the  legis* 
lature. 


Buffalo  and  Olean  Canal. 
A  plan  was  formed  at  Buffalo  for  a  canal  to  the  Olean. 


^w.- 


Si 


i      \A 


Battenkill  Canal. 

The  inhabitants  of  Manchester,  Vt.  held  a  meeting  on 
the  9th  April  for  the  purpose  of  concerting  measures  for 
opening  a  canal  from  the  head  waters  of  the  Battenkill, 
which  takes  its  rise  in  the  town  of  Dorset,  (north  of 
Manchester)  to  extend  through  Jackson,  Washingtbn 
county,  to  Lansingburgh  and  Troy.  The  meeting  ap- 
pointed a  committee  to  meet  and  confer  with  ahbther 
committee  of  the  town  df  White  Creek,  Washington 
county,  on  the  15th  ult.  Thie  Manchester  memi^g 
-was  adjourned  to  the  22d. 

Ontario  and  Erie  Canal  in  Canada. 

The  House  of  Assembly  of  Upper  Canada  have  re- 
solved to  subscribe  100,000  dollars  towards  making  a 
Canal  from  Lake  Erie  to  Lake  Ontario. 

Seventeen  new  Canal  Routes 

in  New  York,  of  which  the  surveyes  were  authorised 
by  the  Legislature  in  1825,. 

From  Seneca  lake  to  the  Chemung  river,  at  or  near 
the  village  of  New  Town  ;  from  Syracuse  in  Onondago 
country,  to  Fort  Watson  in  the  county  of  Courtland, 
and  also  from  Chenango  Point  up  the  valley  of  the  Che- 
nango river,  through  the  town  of  Norwich  to  the  Erie 
Canal ;  from  the  Susquehannah  river  up  the  valley  of 
the  Unadilla  to  the  Erie  Canal ;  from  the  Cayuga  lake 
tn  the  Susquebannah  river,  at  or  near  the  village  of  Os- 


APPENDIX. 


187 


to  the  legis- 
for  the  pur- 
il  be  drawn 
re  the  legis- 


>theOIean. 


meeting  on 
leasures  for 
Battenkill, 
4  (north  of 
Washington 
meeting  ap- 
ith  aiibther 
iVashineton 
it  meMlfIg 


DA. 

la  have  re- 
s  making  a 


authorised 

,  at  or  near 
1  On  on  dago 
Courtland, 
of  the  Chc- 
to  the  Erie 
e  valley  of 
layuga  fake 
llage  of  Os- 


wego ;  from  the  Erie  canat  in  the  country  of  Herki- 
mer, to  the  upper  waters  of  Black  river,  thence  on  the 
most  eligible  route  to  the  St  Lawrence,  at  or  near  Og- 
densburgh ;  from  the  Erie  canal,  bear^the  village  of 
Rome,  in  the  county  of  Oneida,  by  ihe  way  of  the  Black 
River,  to  Ogdensburgh ;  from  Rochester  to  Allegany 
river,  at  Olean,  through  the  valley  of  tiie  Genesee  river ; 
from  Scottsville,  by  the  way  of  Le  Roy,  to  the  Upper 
falls  of  the  Genesee  river ;  from  the  Champlain  canal  to 
the  Vermunt  Line,  along  the  valley  of  the  Battenkill,  or 
by  any  more  eligible  route ;  from  Lake  Erie  to  the  Alle- 
gany river,  through  the  valley  of  the  Conewango,  and 
from  the  Allegany  river  at  Olean,  to  the  Erie  canal,  by 
way  of  the  village  of  Batavia ;  from  Portland,  in  Chau- 
tauque  country,  to  the  head  of  the  Chautaugue  lake ; 
from  the  village  of  Catskill,  on  the  Hudson  river, 
along  the  valley  of  the  Catskill  and  Schoharie  creeks, 
to  intei*sect  the  Erie  canal,  west  of  the  Schoharie  creek ; 
between  Gravesend  bay,  Jamaica  bay,  Great  South  bay, 
and  South-Hampton  bay,  and  across  Canoe  place  to 
Southhold  bay  on  Long^Island ;  from  or  near  Sharon 
to  ittie  tide  waters  of  the  Hudson,  at  or  near  the  mouth 
of  Croton  river  or  to  the  city  of  New  York ;  and  from 
the  village  of  Rochester,  in  the  county  of  Monroe,  to 
Lake  Ontario^ 

Chickopee  Canal. 

A  meeting  has  been  held  in  Boston  on  the  subject  of 
forming  a  canal  from  the  the  Chickopee  river  to  some- 
where m  the  vicinity  of  Boston,  i  order  to  connect  the 
waters  of  the  Connecticut  with  that  harbour. 

Cakal  between  the  Connecticut  and  Merrimac. 

Another  plan  has  been  formed  for  the  same  object  as 
that  last  mentioned,  but  connected  with  a  different  tract 
of  country.  It  proposes  to  connect  the  Connecticut 
with  the  Merrimac  in  New  Hampshire,  by  a  canal  of 
25  miles  through  Plymouth  ;  or  bv  a  canal  of  12  miles 
from  Baker's  river  a  bj^ttich  of  the  Merrimac,  to  the 
Connecticut  at  Wcntworth. 


«t 


1^ 


139 


APPKNDIX. 


The  bill  for  a  Canal  between  Cayuga  Lake  and  iScw 
*  cd  River  has  passed  the  New  York  Legislature. 


W' 


la' 


Improvbment  of  the  Navigation  of 
Connecticut  Riter. 

At  a  meeting  held  at  Windsor  by  215  delegates  from 
Vermont,  New  Hampshire,  Massachusetts  and  Connec- 
ticut, resolutions  were  adopted  calculated  to  form  and 
carry  into  effect  a  plan  to  combine  the  interests  of  all 
the  canals  and  improvements  through  the  valley  of  the 
Connecticut,  and  to  invest  the  property  of  all  in  a  single 
corporation,  or  cor,  orations,  to  he  established  under  the 
authority  of  the  several  States,  upon  such  principles  as 
shall  secure  the  greatest  benefit  to  the  public,  and  a  fair 
remuneration  to  those  concerned.  Acommitteewas  ap- 
pointed to  aid  such  corporation  or  corporations  as  may 
be  organized,  in  procuring  such  rights  and  property  as 
may  be  advantageously  combined  in  the  proposed  sys- 
tem of  improvement.  Another  committee  was  appoin- 
ted to  digest  a  plan  of  operations  and  to  apply  to  the 
JLegislatures  for  charters,  and  grants  of  the  necessary 
power  and  pri  ilegcs.  A  memorial  to  Congress  was 
also  voted  praying  for  aid  in  a  system  of  improved  navi- 
gation through  the  valley  of  the  Connecticut,  to  Lake 
Mem.'hremagog.  Sundry  resolutions  were  adopted, 
stating  the  views  of  the  convention ;  and  other  commit- 
tees, besides  those  above  mentioned,  were  appointed, 
for  the  purpose  of  carrying  those  views  into  execution. 


.    Oswego  River. 

The  New  York  Legislature  have  authorized  the  im- 
provement of  the  navigation  of  Oswego  River. 


THE  NEW  YORK  STAIE  ROAD. 

A  project  for  the  construction  of  a  great  road  through 
the  southern  counties  of  N  w  York,  from  the  Hudson 
river  to  Lak^  Erie,  was  submitted  to  a  committee  of 


APPENDIX. 


189 


the  House  of  Representatives  at  Albany,  and  from  their 
report  the  following  extracts  are  selected  for  this 
work. 

It  is  believed,  that  at  least  50  tons  a  day,  on  an  average, 
are  now  transported  into  the  interior,  in  the  direction  of 
the  contemplated  road,  from  a  single  point  on  the  Hud- 
son riverc  And  in  the  event  of  the  completion  of  this 
road,  it  is  calculated  that  this  amount  would  be  increas- 
ed to  100  tons.  The  price  of  transportation  is,  at  least 
20  cents  a  mile  per  ton,  60  dollars  per  ton  for  the  whole 
distance  of  the  contemplated  road.  AUowine,  however, 
only  25  tons  as  the  daily  transportation  each  way,  on 
the  entire  route  of  the  road,  and  it  produces  the  enor- 
mous sum  of  1,000,000  a  year,  for  the  single  item  of 
transportation.  If  an  easy  and  safe  stale  road  was  con- 
constructed,  free  of  tolls,  it  is  estimated  that  the  price 
of  transportation  would  be  reduced  at  least  50  per  cent ; 
thus  showing  a  saving  of  $600,000  in  the  expenses  oi 
trasportation  in  a  single  year. 

In  this  section  of  the  state,  to  the  distance  of  nearly 
one  hundred  miles  from  the  Hudson  river,  salt.  Iron, 
lime  and  gypsum,  articles  cumbrous  and  of  the  first  ne- 
cessity, are  transported  by  land,  to  supply  the  wants  oi 
the  interior  country;  and  added  to  the  other  domestic 
products,  lumber  and  ashes,  (within  this  distance,)  form 
important  items  in  the  return  lading. 

From  a  careful  and  deliberate  review  of  all  the  fact£ 
and  considerations,  connected  with  this  subject,  the 
committee  are  decidedly  of  opinion,  that  the  strongest 
motives  of  policy,  as  well  as  of  justice  combine  to  re- 
commend the  proposed  measure  of  constructing  a  state 
road  from  the  Hudson  river  to  Lake  Erie,  to  the  favora- 
ble consideration  of  the  legislature. 

The  whole  expense  (a  distance  of  about  300  miles,) 
is  estimated  at  $500,000.  The  interest  upon  this  sum 
at 5  per  cent,  would  be  $w5,000  per  annum.  The  road 
at  a  reasonable  ^ate  of  toll,  it  is  supposed  might  be 
kept  in  good  repair,  and  yield  to  the  state  an  annual 
revenue  of  2  1-2  peV  cent,  upon  its  cost.  This  would 
leave  a  balance  oi  2  1-2  per  cent,  or  |12,500  of  the  in- 
terest annually  to  be  provided  for;  together  with  thf: 
«;radnRl  extinguishmcn*  of  the  principRl. 


m;!    1 


190 


APPENDIX. 


*'  To  meet  and  provide  for  this,  the  coiDmittee  would 
propose  an  increase  of  the  duty  on  sales  at  auction,  of  1-2 
per  ceni,  which  would  yield  an  additional  revenue  of 
about  ^75,000  per  annum  applicable  to  the  purposes  of 
constructing  the  Great  State  Road. 

This  sum  would,  in  the  course  of  onlv  8  years,  not  only 
pay  the  interest  but  extinguish  the  principal  of  the  ne^ 
cessB^y  loans  for  this  purpose. 

[The  survey  of  thb  road  has  been  authorized  by  the 
I'egi3latare^] 


ST&Aia-BOikTS. 


ARRANGEMENTS  PUBLISHED  IN  APRIL  U2:} 


From  Albaitt 
For  J^ew-York^  calling  at  the 
intermediate places^price  $4. 

DAILY. 
"  Old  Line."   Large  boats. 
James  Kent,  (fast  sailer. 
Chancellor  Livingston,  and 
Richmond. 

One  of  these  boats  goes 
every  morning  at  10  o'clock. 

Office,  cornev  of  South- 
Market  and  Lydius-streets. 

(Prices  proportional  for 
intermediate  distances.) 


From  New- York 

For  Aluanyf  calling  a(  the 

intermediate  vlaces,  price  |4. 

DAILY. 

"Old  Lihe.** 

James  Kent, 

Chancellor  Livin^ntujii  and 
Richmond. 

One  of  these  boats  goes 
every  day  except  Sundays 
at  5  P.  M.  and  on  Sunda}*^ 
at  10  A.  M. 

(Prices  for  intermediate 
places  in  proportion  to  dist. 


The  boats  belonging  to  this  Company  are  now  in  ex- 
cellent order ;  they  all  have  copper  boilers,  and  engines 
on  the  low  pressure  system,  and  in  order  that  travellers 
may  heve  perfect  confidence  in  their  safety,  the  captains 
and  engineers  have  positive  instructions  not  to  carry 
higher  steam  than  they  have  always  done  heretofore. 


Henry  Eckford, 
Small  boat,  high  pressure, 
and  very  fast.  She  carries 
freight  in  connection  with 
the  Canal  Transportation, 
and  takes  passengers  at  |3. 
Goes  Monday,  Wednes- 
day and  Friday,at  7  o'clock 
in  the  morainj;,  and  arrives 
aboutQP.M.  ! 


Henry  Eckford. 
Small  boat,  high  pressure, 
and  very  fast.    Price  |f3. 

Goes  Tuesday,  Thursday, 
and  Saturday,  at  7  o'clock  iu 
the  morning,  and  reaches 
Albany  about  9  P.  M. 

Goes  from  the  foot  of  Rec- 
tor-street, North  River. 

P^reight  and  passen^jer.-:-. 


lit 


III 


J  92 


APPENDIX. 


From  New- York. 
To  Troy,  Daili/^  calling  at 
the  intermediate  places. 
Chief  Justice  Marshall 
Constellation,  and 
Constitution,  large  boats. 

Go  from  the  foot  of  Liber- 
ty-street, North  River, 


From  Troy, 
For   New-York,   Dailj/^ 
calling  at  the  intermediate 
places. 

Chief  Justice  Marshall,/a«/; 
Constellation,  and 
Constitution,  large  boats. 


!■,,» 


I  V  -t 


%k 


i 


RHODE  ISLAND  STEAM-BOAT  lilNE. 

The  Fulton,  Captain  Robert  S.  Bunker,  will  depart 
for  Frovidcni^e  on  Wednesd^s,  at  three  o'clock,  F.  M. 
and  the  Connecticut,  Capt.  cfomstock,  on  Saturdays  at 
3  P.M. 

From  Providence. 

The  Connecticut  will  be  despatched  eveiy  Wednesday 
at  3  o'clock,  P.  M.  and  the  Fulton  every  Saturday,  at  th« 
same  hour  Coaches  run  in  connection. 

[Now  a  boat  leaves  New-York  every  Tuesday,  Thurs- 
day and  Saturday  at  3  o'clock,  P.  M.  and  one  from 
Providence  on  the  same  days  and  at  the  same  hour.] 

NEW-YORK  AND  BOSTON  STEAM-BOAT  LINE 

via  J^ew  London. 

The  new  Steam  Boat  NEW-LONDON,  goes  to  New 
London  and  Norwich  every  Tuesday  and^Saturday  at  4 
o'clock  P.  M. 

A  line  of  Stage  coaches  is  established  in  connection 
with  it  from  N.  London  to  Boston,  through  Providence, 
and  another  from  Norwich  to  Boston. 


sivc  anc 


NEW  YORK  AND  BOSTON   STEAM  BOAT  LINE 

via  HARTFORD. 

The  New  Steam  Boat  Oliver  EUsworthj  Daniel  Havens, 
Master,  leaves  New  York  on  Tuesdays  and  Fridays,  at  4 
P.  M. ;  leaves  Hartford  on  Mondays  and  Thursdays,  at 
•llA...f. 


APPENDIX. 


1^3 


Stages  will  be  in  readiness  on  the  arrival  of  the  boat 
at  Hartford,  to  forward  passengers  to  Boston,  Vermont 
and  New  Hampshire. 

N.  B.  The  Steam  Boat  Oliver  Ellsworth,  has,a  first  rate 
Engine,  constructed  upon  the  Bolton  and  Watt,  or  Low 
Pressure  principle  ;  and  for  convenience  and  safety,  is 
probably  not  surpassed  by  any  Boat  in  this  country. 


NEWHAVEN  STEAM  BOAT  LINES. 

The  Providence  Capt.  Tomlinson,  (small  boat,)  runs 
between  New-York  and  New-Haven,  three  times  a 
week,  from  Fulton  Market  Slip,  East  River. 


Also* 

Steam  boat  United  States,  Capt.  John  Brooks,  jr. 
Will  leave  New-Haven,  Monday,  Wednesday,  and 
Friday  evenings.  Passengers  are  requested  to  be 
on  board  at  8  o'clock.  She  will  leave  New-York,  Tues- 
day and  Thursday  mornings  at  9  o'clock^  and  Saturday, 
at  4  o'clock  P.  M.  from  the  west  side  of  Fly  market  slip. 
Stages  will  be  in  readiness  on  the  arrival  of  the  boat  in 
New-Haven  to  take  passengers  to  Hartford,  Providence 
and  Boston.  The  company  having  purchased  the  new 
and  elegant  boat  Hudson,  she  will  shortly  commence 
forming  a  daily  line  for  the  season.  Both  boats  are  fitt^ 
ed  with  births  and  their  accommodations  are  very  exten- 
sive and  commodious.    Fare  $3. 

BRIDGEPORT  STEAM-BOAT. 

The  Steam  Boat  Gen.  La  Fayette,  Capt.  Joseph  B. 
French,  will  commence  running,  for  the  season,  between 
Bridgeport  and  Nev -York,  on  Monday  the  2 1st  inst. 
She  will  leave  Bridgeport  on  Monday,  Wednesday  and 
Friday  evenings  at  7  o'clock,  and  New-York  on  Tues- 
day and  Thursday  at  10  o'clock  in  the  morning ;  and  on 
Saturd^  a  5  o'clock  in  the  afternoon,  from  tLe  east 
yde  of  Fulton  Slip.  OTPasgage  one  dollar  and  seven- 
>  R 


I'i!!!;- 


'I 


VM 


APPENDIX. 


tv-five  ceuts— Breakfast,  Dinner,  and  Supper,  twenty* 
five  cents  each. 

N.  B.  The  steam  boat,  in  connexion  with  the  packets, 
will  sail  from  Fulton  slip  and  Peck  slip  every  day  in  the 
week,  for  Bridgeport,  through  the  season. 

PHILADELPHIA  STEAM  BOATS. 

UNION  LINE,  for  Philadelphia  and  Baltimore,  at  11 

o'clock,  A.  M. 
By  Steam  Boats  Thistle,  Capt.C.  Vanderbilt  andTrenton, 

Capt.  A.  Jenkins. 
Via  New  Brunswick,  Princetown,  and  Trenton,  25  miles 

land  Carriage. 

The  elegant  Steam  Boat  Thistle  will  leave  the  wharf, 
north  side  the  battery,  4oot  of  Marketiield  st.  every  day 
(Sundays  excepted)  at  1 1  o'clock  A.  M.  for  New  Brans* 
wick,  where  passengers  will  take  post  coaches  to  Tren- 
ton, and  lodge  ;  from  thence  take  the  steam  boat  Tren- 
ton, and  arrive  at  Philadelphia,  at  10  o'clock,  A.M. 
in  time  to  take  the  Baltimore  Union  Line  steam  boats 
which  leaves  Philadelphia  daily  at  12  o'clock  noon. 
Fare  through  to  Philadelphia,  $3. 

For  seats,  apply  at  York  House,  No.  5  Courtland-st. 
2d  office  from  Broadway;  and  at  the  office,  foot  of 
Marketiield  st. ;  or  on  board  the  steam  boat  Thistle. 

inr  All  goods,  baggage,  and  specie,  at  the  risk  of  the 
owners  thereof. 

WM.  B.  JAQUES,  Agent, 
For  Lelson  6c  Bayles^  Proprietors, 


EXCHANGE  LINE  FOR  PHILADELPHIA, 

Through  in  one  day  via  New-Brunswick,  Princeton 
and  Trenton,  by  the  new  and  elegant  steam  boats  Legis- 
lature and  Congress. 

The  Steam  Boat  Legislature  will  commence  running, 
from  Pier  No.  2  N.  R.  foot  of  Beaver  Lane,  on  Saturday 
morning,  the  26th  March  at  6  o'clock  for  NewBrunswick, 
where  passengers  will  take  the  Exchange  Line  Coaches, 
and  proceed  via  Princeton  to  Trenton,  there  take  the 


APPENDIX, 


195 


Bteam  boat  Congress,  Capt.  Degrau,  and  arrive  in  Phila- 
delphia the  same  afternoon. 

The  Coaches  are  new  and  comfortable,  and  the  public 
may  rest  assured  of  every  attention  and  expedition. 

For  seats,  apply  at  the  corner  of  Broadway  and  Beaver 
Lane,  at  the  office  29  W..ihington  street,  or  on  board 
the  steam  boat  Legislature — For  the  proprietors. 

N.  DUNN. 


LAKE  ERIE  STEAM  BOAT 

SUPERIOR,  J.  Sherman,  Jnn.  Master, 

Will  sail  from  Buffalo  and  Detroit  on  the  following 
days  during  the  season : 


FromB  ffalo    t9A.M. 


April 

May 

Jnne 

July 

Aug. 

Sept. 

Oct. 

Wov. 


20,  29,  1825. 

7,  16,  26, 

4,  13,  21,  29, 

8,  16,  25, 

2,  10,  19,  27, 

5,  14,  23, 

1,  10,  19,  28, 


From  Detroit  4  P.  M, 

April  -    -    25, 
May    -    -      3,  11,  20,  30, 
June    .    -      8,  17,  26, 
July    -    .      4,  12,  20,  29, 
Aug.    -    -      6,  15,  23,  31, 
Sept.  -    -      9,  19,  .^7, 
)cl.    -    -      6,  14,  24, 
Nov.  -    -      1. 
The  Trip  in  November  to  depend  on  the  state  of  the 
weather.     Passengers  will   be  lat.ded  and  received  at 
Eric,  Grand  River,  Cleaveland  and  Sandusky,  as  usual, 
unles  prevented  by  stress  of  weather.     If  a  trip  should 
be  made  to  the  Upper  Lakes  this  season,  due  notice  will 
be  given.     The  Boat  is  in  complete  order,  and  it  is  be- 
lieved there  will  be  no  disappointment  in  the  regular 
Failing  of  the  boat  during  the  season,  accidents  excepted. 

KENNEBEC  STEAM-BOAT  LINE, 

FROM   BOSTON    TO   EASTPORT. 

EASTERN  ROUTE. 

The  Patent,  leaves  Boston,  Thursday,  at  5  A.  M. 
and  arrives  at  Portland,  Thursday,  at  8  o'clock  P.  M. 
leaves  Portland,  Friday  5  A.  M.  and  arrives  at  Bath 
Friday,  1 1,  A.  M.  The  Waterville  leaves  Bath,  Friday, 
1  P.  M.  and  arrives  at  Augusta.  Friday  7  P.  M.    The 


i« 


H 


196 


APPENDIX. 


Maine  leaves'Batb,  Saturday  1  P.  M.  and  arrives  at  Bel^ 
fast,  Sunday,  1,  P.  M.  leaves  Belfast,  Sunday,  2  P.  M. 
and  arrives  at  Eastport,  i'uesday,  5  A.  M. 

WESTERN  ROUTE. 

The  Maine  leaves  Eastport,  Wednesday,  8  A.  M.  and 
arrives  at  Bath,  Friday,  5,  P.  M.  leaves  Belfast,  Thurs* 
day,  6,  P.  M.  and  arrives  at  Bath,  Friday,  6,  P.  M. 
The  Waterville  leaves  Augusta,  Saturday,  5,  A.  M.  and 
arrives  at  Bath,  Saturday  11,  A.  M.  The  Patent  leaves 
Bath,  Saturday  1  P.  M  and  arrives  at  Portland,  Satur- 
day, 7  P.  M.  leaves  Portland,  Saturday,  8  P.  M.  and  ar- 
rives at  Boston  Sunday,  10,  A.  M. 

The  Waterville  will  leave  bath  for  Augusta,  Mondays^ 
Wednesdays  and  Fridays,  at  1,  P.  M.  and  Augusta  lor 
Bath,  Tuesdays  Thurdays  and  Saturdavs,  at  5  A.  M.  and 
touch  at  Gardiner  and  Hallowell,  to  land  ani!  receive 
passengers. 

Tiie  Maine  will  touch  at  Boothbay,  Owlshead,  Castioe 
and  Lubec,  to  land  and  receive  passengers. 

The  steam-boat  Eagle,  runs  regularly  from  Eastport 
to  St.  John ;  and  the  Tomb-Thumb  from  Eastport  to 
Robbinstown  and  Calais.  They  will  exchange  passen- 
gers with  the  Maine  at  r  astport. 

A  ^titeam  Boat  mns  reg  larly  from  St  John  to  Freder- 
icton,  in  connection  with  the  above  line,  whit  h  makes 
the  Steam  Boat  Line  from  Boston  to  New  Bmnswiek 
complete  once  a  week 

The  numerous  Stage  Coaches  which  branch  off  into 
the  cuuntrv,  from  a  most  every  point  where  the  S  eam 
Boats  touch,  will  be  ready  to  receive  passsengers  on 
their  arrival 

As  steam  power  has  been  introduced  into  this  section 
of  the  country  at  a  very  great  expense,  it  is  hoped  the 
public  will  duly  appreciate  the  importance  of  the  same^ 
and  render  it  tnat  degree  of  patronage  which  will  meet 
the  reasonable  expectations  of  the  proprietors. 

FARE. 

From  Boston  to  Portland,  -        -        -        $5  00 

Bath,  ....  6  00 

Gardiner,  Hallowell  and  Augusta,  7  00 

Boothbav,  -        *        .  6  60 


APPENDIX  \r* 

Owlshead,           ...  8  00 

Belfast  and  Castine,             -  9  00 

Lubec  and  Eastport,            -  11  00 

From  Belfast  to  Eastport,            ...  6  OC 

ERIE  CANAL  PAC^KET  BOATS. 

The  Packet  Boats  will  he  run  the  enauing  season  be- 
tween Schenectady  and  Lockport,  by  the  Utica  and 
Schenectady  Packet  Boat  Company,  the  Erie  Canal 
Navigation  Company  and  the  Western  Passage  Boat 
Company  in  connection. 

A  boat  will  1  ave  Schenectady,  Utica,  Weeu's  Basin, 
Rochester  aid  J  .ockport,  every  evening,  running  through 
each  way  in  four  days. 

It  is  the  intention  to  arrive  at  Lockport  sufficiently 
e«irly  on  the  fourth  day  from  Schenectady,  to  enable 
passengers  to  reach  Buffalo  the  same  evening  by  the 
Stage. 

Stages  will  be  provided  at  all  times  to  convey  passen- 
gers from  Albany  to  Schenectady  on  the  arrival  oi  the 
steam  boats  from  New  York — from  Schenectady  to  Al- 
bany on  the  arrival  of  the  Packet  Boats  from  Utica — be- 
tween Buifalo  and  Lockport,  and  from  Rochester, Weed's 
Basin,  and  all  the  principal  villages  on  the  canal,  to 
those  on  the  stage  roads  off  from  it. — Utica,  April  7, 
1825. 

N.  B.  Should  the  existing  or  future  rates  of  toll  per- 
mit, and  the  public  patronage  authorize  it,  a  morning 
Line  of  boats  will  be  run  in  the  course  of  the  season. 


}\2 


M 


III  ! 


ROUTES. 


FBOM  BOSTON  TO  ALBANY. 


:f" 


The  first  line  passes  through  Springfield,  and  the  dis- 
tance ia  j[68  miles. 


Framingharc, 
Worcester,   - 
Leicester, 
Spencer, 
Brookfield,   - 
"Western 


22 
20 
6 
4 
6 
6 


Palmer,  -----  7 
Wilbraham,  -  -  -  6 
Springfield^  (Phelps'  inn) 

10  (87) 
Westfield,  ...  -  9 
Kussel,    -----      3| 


Chester  village,      -    -  4 

(Chester  Manufactories,  6 

Becket, 7 

Lee,    ------  11 

Stockbridge,      -    .    -  2 

West  Stockbridge,       -  5 

Canaan,  -----  8 

Chatham,     •    •    -    -  6 

iSasi^au,   -----  4 

Schoodic,      .     -     -     -  5 

Albany,  -----  6 


The  second  line  goes  every  day,  through  Northhamp- 
ton and  Lebanon  Springs,  163  miles. 


Framingham, 

Westborough, 

Worcester, 

Leicester,    - 

Spencer, 

Brookfield, 

Western,    - 

Ware, 

Belchertown, 

Amherst,    - 

Hadley, 


Northampton,     -  -  3 

Chesterfield,        -  -  13 

Worthington,      -  -  6 

Peru,          -        -  -  6 

Hinsdale,    -        -  -  4 

Pittsfield,    -        -  -  9 

Lebanon  Springs  7  (137) 

Brainard's  Bridge,  -  9 

Union  village,     -  -  5 

Schoodic,    -        -  .  6 

Albany,      -        -  -  0 


APPENDIX. 


IQii 


[1  the  dis- 


ories. 


4 
6 
7 
11 
2 
5 
8 
6 
4 
5 

a 


rthhamp-4 

-  3 

-  13 

-  6 

-  6 

.  4 

-  9 

r    (137) 

-  9 

-  5 

-  6 

-  6 


'I'lie  Miri  Zme  leaves  Boston,  Monday,  Wednesday, 
Tvnd  Friday,  and  is  three  days  on  the  rond ;  stoppinpj  nt. 
Ijarre  and  Plainficldat  night.    The  price  is  .^5. 


Cambridge. 

Watertown, 

Waltham, 

Weston, 

X^incoln, 

Concord, 

Sudbury, 

Stow, 

Bolton, 

Lancaster, 

Sterling, 

Princeton, 

Hubbardston, 

Barry, 

Petersham, 

Ncw-Salexn, 


Shutcsbui  V, 

Leverett, 

Sunderland, 

Bloody  Brook, 

Conway, 

Ashfield, 

Plainfield, 

Savoy, 

Cheshire, 

Lanesborough, 

Hancock, 

Stcphentown, 

Sandlake, 

Troy, 

Albany, 


The  fourth  line  passes  through  Greenfield,  90  mile?. 
The  distance  to  Albany  is  1G5  miles.  It  goes  three  times 
a  week. 


The  fifth  line 
Bellows  Falls,  (V 
the  distances  and 
toga  Springs. 

Keene, 

Surry, 

Bellows  Falls, 
Chester, 
Londonderry, 
Peru, 

Manchester, 
Arlington, 
White  Creek. 


passes  through  Concord,  (N.  H.)  and 

rnnont.)     The  following  list  contains 

the  principal  inns  on  the  way  to  Sara* 


i  Sparhawk,  ) 
<  Coolidge,  &  \ 
(  Harrington.     ) 

'Holbrook, 

Robertson, 

Leland, 

Willard, 

Tuthill, 

Black, 

Hill, 

Durham, 


Miles, 
79  1-2 

8  1-2 

9 
13 
10 

8 
12 

7 
14 


W^ 


ilOO 


APPENDIX. 


Iff! 
i 


Union  Village, 

SchuylersvUle, 

Springs, 


Cleveland, 


8 

6 

12 


IBt 


Through  Dorset  and  Salem  to 
Peru,  Tuthill, 

Dorset,  Booth, 

Salem,  Wells, 

Union  Village  and  Schulersville,  to  the  Springs, 


128 
14 
16 

29 

186 


JVo/c. — The  new  road  over  the  mountain,  through 
Londonderry  and  Peru  to  Manchester,  is  finely  worked, 
and  the  inhabitants,  who  have  made  it  a  free  road,  are 
entitled  to  great  praise.  Indeed,  all  the  way,  it  is  a  good 
road,  and/ree,  trom  Keene,  with  the  exception  of  three 
gates.  Takmg  into  consideration  the  great  saving  of 
distance,  with  comparatively  few  bad  hills,  and  the  easy 
ascent  of  the  mountian  no  one  can  hesitate  a  moment  in 
the  choice.  If  the  travnUor  wishes  to  go  through  the 
ploasent  Tillage  of  Salem,  he  will  there  find  one  of  the 
best  public  houses  in  the  co  aotry,  anr*  but  one  hill  after 
passing  the  Green  mountain,  worth  mentioning,  the  whole 
distance.  Report  hill  has  a  gradual  ascent  two  miles. 
The  road  hap  then  a  gradual  descent  along  the  fiatten 
Kill,  to  the  Hudson.  In  this  case  he  will  leave  the  vil- 
lage 01  Manchester  at  his  left.  In  both  routes  the  tra- 
veller passes  over  the  spot  of  ground  where  Burgoyne 
surrendered.  Chester,  as  at  once  appears  by  the  map, 
lies  too  far  North.  A  new  road  from  Bellows  Falls, 
through  Grafton  to  Willard's  in  Londonderry,  is  said  to 
be  making.  When  completed  the  distance  will  be  short- 
ened several  miles. 


From  Boston  to  Lake  Champlain. 

The  Jirst  line  of  stage  coaches  runs  through  Brattle- 
borough,  (96  miles.)  three  times  a  week. 


APPENDIX. 


201 


The  itcondy  through  Walpole. 
The  /A,irrf  through  Charlestown. 
The  fourth  through  Windsor. 

From  Boston  to  Haverhill. 

A  road,  still  further  North  than  those  just  mentioned, 
leads  to  Haverhill. 


From  Boston  to  Bath,  N.  H. 

An  uninterrupted  communication  between  this  City 
and  Bath,  by  the  way  of  Concord  and  the  J^oich  in  the 
White  Monntttinii  is  expected  to  be  opened  this  season 
(1825.)    For  this  route  see  page  137. 


4^:: 


To  Lancaster. 

This  routp  has  hitherto  been  only  occasionally  passed 
by  Die  stage  coach,  on  account  of  the  unfrequency  of 
travelling. 


DOWN  CONNECTICUT  RIVER. 


Bath  (N.  H.) 

Haverhill 

Hanover 

Norwich 

White  River  Village 

Hart  land 

Windsor 

Wethersfield  - 

Charlestown 

{tb  Albany  150wi.  to  Boston 

Bellows's  Falls        -         15 
Walpole  -        -  5 

Brattleborough         •        20 
Bernardston 
Greenfield 


Deerfield          .  .  3 

Bloody  Brook  -  6 

Hatfield            -  -  7 

Northampton  -  6 

Springfield       -  -  20 

Suffietd  -  10 

Windsor           •  -  9 

Hartford           -  -  7 

Wethersfield     -  -  4 

Middletown     -  -      10 

Durham             -  -  6 

North  Haven  -  9 

New  Haven      -  -  8 

{Steam  boats  go  hence  to 

'     Kein  Yorlr.  75  mifps.^ 


5§^ 


APPENDIX. 


FROM  NEW  HAVEN  UP  CONNECTICUT  RIVER 


New  Haven 

North  Haven 

Durham 

Middletown 

Wethersfield 

Hartford 

Windsor 

Suffield 

Springfield     - 

North  a    pton 

Hatfield 

Bloody  Brook 

Deerfield 

Greenfield 

Bernardston 


9 
9 

101-2 

4  1-2 

7 

10 
10 
20 
6 
7 
6 
3 


Brattleborough 
Walpole 
Bellows's  Falls 
Chariestown 
Wethersfield   - 
Windsor 
Hartland 

White  River  Village 
Norwich 
Hanover 
Maverhill 
Bath 

(Here  turns  off  the  road  to 
the  White  mountains.) 


20 
6 

15 
9 


9 
4 
2 


From  Utica  to  Buffalo. 


■* 


New  Hartford 
Westmoreland 
Vernon 
Oneida  Creek 
Sullivan 
M-n  nlius 
Derne 
Onondaga 
Marcellus 
Skeneateles 
Auburn 
Cayuga  lake 
Waterloo 
Geneva 
Canandaigua 
Bloorafield 
Lima 
Avon 
Caledonia 
Leroy 
Stafford 
Batavia 
Tonawanta  Creek  - 


4 
7 
6 
5 

11 
9 
3 
7 

10 
6 
8 
8 
4 
6 

16 
8 
9 
9 
B 
5 

4 

8 

4 


i# 


.AFPENDIX 


UBii 


Murder  Creek 

Williamsville 

Buffalo 


10 

7 

19 

202 


From  Canandaga  to  Rochester, 

The  Coaches  go  from  Blossom's  Inn  at  2  o'clock  F* 
M.  and  arrive  at  Rochester  abop^  «  in  the  evening. 

From  Lebanon  Springs  to  Hndson> 

Warner's  Pond  -       -        -  6 

Canaan          -  -  -        -    .    -  6 

Chatham        -  ...  6 

Ghent             -  •        -        -  3 

Hudson         -  «       -       -  10 

"30" 
JSVom  J^iagara  Falls  to  Rochester,  87  miles. 


Lewiston 

¥                     m 

7 

Cambria 

-•                     • 

15 

Oak  Orchard 

■•                      m 

11 

Gaines 

«                      • 

7 

Sandy  Creek 

m                      m 

8 

Hartland       •        *■ 

fl«                     m 

7 

(Hence  to  Lockport  7 

m.  a 

waggon  takes  passengers.) 

Clarkson 

^                    m 

14 

Parma 

m                    m 

7 

Carthage  falls 

m                    rt 

9 

Rochester    • 

• 

2 

ALBANY,  BALLSTON,  AND  SARATOGA  MAHi 

STAGE. 

J^ew  arrangement  -"three  times  a  week, 

A  stage  will  leave  Albany  every  Monday^  Wednesday 
and  Friday,  at  7  o'clock,  A.  M.  via  Troy,  Lansingburgh 
and  Watertordfor  Ballastou-Spa^  and  Saratoga  Springs 


\\: 


HM 


AyFE:NDIK 


Returning,  will  leave  Saratoga  Springs  at  9  o'clock,  ami 
jBallstson-Spa,  at  half  past  9  o'clock,  A.  M.  on  Tuesdays, 
Thursdays  and  Saturdays. 

For  seats  apply  at  Mr.  Palmer's  Montgomery  Hall, 
South  Market-street,  Albany,  and  at  the  Post-offices  at 
Ballston-Spa,  and  Saratoga  Springs. 

ELIJAH  CASTLE,  Proprietor. 


m 


PROM  NEW-YORK  TO  BUFFALO,  BY  THE  WAX 
'      OF  ITHACA  AND  GENEVA. 

This  line  leaves  New-York  every  day,  Sundays  ex- 
cepted, and  runs  through  Newark,  Springfield,  Bottle> 
Hill,  Moristown,  Succasunny-Plains,  Newton,  Miilford 
and  Dundaf,  three  times  a  week  by  the  way  oi  Chenan* 
go  Point,  arid  three  time,  a  week  by  the  way  of  Mont- 
rose, to  Owego,  and  from  thence  daily,  by  the  way  of 
Ithaca  and  Ovid,  to  Geneva,  where  it  intersects  a  daily 
line  to  Canandaigua,  Rochester,  Buffalo,  Lewiston,  &c. 

Returning  leaves  Geneva  at  the  same  times,  and  pursue 
the  same  routes  to  New- York.  At  Mott's,  New-Milford, 
this  line  intersects  the  Newburgh  line,  which  runs  from 
thence,  three  times  a  week,  to  Newburgh. 
'  The  importance  of  this  line  to  the  public  will  readily 
be  seen :  It  opens  a  direct  communication  between  the 
city  of  New-York  and  the  western  part  of  the  State 
through  New-Jersey  and  the  nothern  section  of  Fennysl- 
vania.  At  Newton  (N.  J.)it'intersects  alinewhich  has 
recently  been  established  from  that  place  to  Philadelphia, 
three  times  a  week.  At  Montrose,  it  intersects  the  line, 
to  Wilkesbarre,  Harrisburgh,  &.c.  At  Chenango  Point, 
it  intersects  a  line  which  runs  north,  through  Greene, 
Oxford,  &.C.  to  Utica,  and  intersects  the  Albany  line 
by  Cooperstown  and  Cherry  Valley,  at  Sherburne.  At 
Owego,  it  intersects  a  line  which  runs  through  Tioga 
Point,  Elmira,  Sic.  to  Bath. 

From  Buffalo  to  Erie  Pa.  Daily. 

Stage  coaches  run  daily  from  Buffalo  to  Erie,  Penn, 
Also  a  new  line  runs  three  times,  a  week. 


XlffDBZ. 


• 

A. 

Ackiand,  Mfiior               •            •           «      . 
Ackland,  Lady  Harriet         »           •        96. 

^ 

97,  &  »» 

Albany                  .           .            .            , 

.       19 

Andre's  Grave. 

9 

Capturo  and  Execution        •           * 

12 

Anthony's  Nose  on  Hudson  River        .  ^ 

29 

Anthony's  Nose,  on  Erie  Canal 

.      80 

Antiquities     ...            %           • 

40,61 

Arnold's  treachery                      •           • 

13 

Aqueduct,  Lower     .           •           «           «. 

28 

Upper         .           •           • 

28 

at  Little  Falls    . 

.     80 

at  Rochester           •           • 

42 

Auburn                  .           .           *           « 

.      76 

B. 

Baker's  Falls               •           •           •           • 

130 

Ballston  Springs               .           •           • 

99 

Basin  Harbour           .           ^           .           • 

137 

Batavia                            .            • 

64 

Battles  of  Bemis's  Heights 

87 

Bennington                  .           • 

86 

Bridge-water  or  Lundy's  Lane 

66 

Montmorency 

147 

Chippewa           •           •            • 

.      63 

Lake  George           •           • 

122 

Quebec 

148 

do.  in  1776          .           •           • 

149 

Queenston 

47 

Rocky  Brook 

117 

Saratoga        .           .           .           . 

91 

Sillery                ,           .           , 

.      149 

Ticonderoga           .           , 

126 

Beauport             *          .          .          • 

.      146 

til 


nfi.i 


Hri 


206 


INDEX. 


Bloody  Pond  •  .  •. 

Bloomfield  • 

Books  recommended  * 

Borough 

Boston  .  .  •  • 

Brock  (Gen.)  Death  and  Monument 

Brothertown 

Bufifalo  -  .  • 

Burlington  .  .  • 

Burgoyne,  (Gen.)  Expedition 

Battle  ground      .  * 

Quarters 

Retreat 

Surrender 

C. 
Canah, 
Champlaln  Canal 
Erie  do.        •     '     -• 

Canals  Projected 
TobayofFundy   '     . 

Canal  Routes 
From  Albany  to  Schenectady,  (map 
Schenectady  to  Utica  (map  30) 
Utica  to  Syracuse  (map  34) 
Syracuse  fo  Rochester  (map  41) 
Rochester  to  Lockport  (map) 
Lockport  to  Buffalo  (map) 
Auburn  to  Syracuse 
Syracuse  to  Utica 
Utica  to  Schenectady  , 

W"-     Shenectady  to  Albany 

Fort  Edward  to  Whitehall 
Canals  in  Great  Britain 
Canajoharie  ,  »  « 

Canandaigua       .  •  . 

Cape  Rouge        "      . 

St.  Vincent      .      •     , 
Carthage  • 

CatskilT 

Catskill  mountains,      .        .  . 

Caughnawaga 

Caughnawaga  Indians  « 

Cayuga  Marshes 


118 

65 

6 

83 

198 
48 
36 
69 

137 
85 
88 
96 
95 

112 


82,  133 

:        24,  155 

185 

151 

page  88.)       25 
29 
32 
.        .       40 
41 
.    47,59 
78 
79 
80 
81 
134 
.        171 
96 
29 
11 
89,  141 
43 

16 

16 

29 

141 

7 


Ceut( 
Chan 
Chau 
Chen 
Chipp 
Cleav 
Clark! 
Coho< 

Bur 

Han 

Conco 

Congn 

Cohwi 
Crown 

Bieska 
Dobb's 

East  C^ 
Essex 

falls, 


Flint 

J^loride 

FrazerJ 

Forts  A 
C 
C 
El 

m 


118 

65 

6 

83 

198 
48 
36 
69 

137 
85 
88 
96 
95 

112 


82,  133 

24,  165 

185 

161 


NIDEX. 


5  88.) 


P^ 


25 
29 
32 
40 
41 
47,69 
78 
79 
80 
81 
134 
171 
96 
29 
11 
86,  141 
43 
16 
16 
29 
141 
7 


Center  Harbour 
Chambly 
Chaudiere  river, 
Cherry  Valley 
Chippewa 
Cleaveland 
Clarkson  . 

Cohoes  Falls 

Burlington 

Hamilton 
Concord,  (N  H*) 
Congress  Hall 

Spring 
Conway 
Crown  Point 


*  • 


Colleges, 


D. 

Dieskau,  Gren. 

-■• 

Dobb's  Ferry 

Jt 

£. 

East  Canada  Creek 

• 

Essex          «... 

F. 

Falls,     Bakers 

• 

Carthage 

Glenns' 

• 

Miller's 

Montmorency 

• 

Niagara 
Rochester 

• 

Trenton 

Ithaca 

■ 

at  Catskill  mountain 

Flint  Hill 

H 

i^lorida 

Frazer,  Gen.  Death, 

» 

Grave 

Forts  Anne 

% 

Clinton 

Crown  Point 

m 

Edward 

4 

Herkimer 

207 

176 

139,  143 

144 

29,  34 

67 

61 

44 

28 

137 
31 
.  174 
106 
107 
180 

117,  136 
8 

187 

13t 

.   43,  44 

116 

131 

146 

»  47, 49 

,  .43 

70 

17 

29 

29 

96 

95 

134 

9 

136 

131 

29 


*■ 


SOB 


INDEX/ 


Forts  Hunter 

Independence 

Lee 

Miller 

Mohawk's     . 

Montgomery 

Niagara 

Oswego 

Plain 

Stanwix, 

Ticonderoga 

Washington 

William  Henry 

Gallop  Islands 
Gates^s,  Gen.  Camp 
Glenn's  Falls 
Genesee  river 

Meadows 
Genesee   -  • 

Geneva 
German  Flatts 
Grand  river 
Green  Bav 
Great  Sodas  bay 


Harlaem  Heights 

Hartland 

Herkimer 

General  do. 
Highlands 
Hoboken  , 

Hudson  city 

River. 

Indians,  Caughnawagas 
Menominie& 
Oneidas^ 
Senecas 
Tuscaroras 

Island  of  St.  Helena 

Isle  auxNoix, 


G. 


H. 


I. 


2U 

8 

8 

131 

9» 

9 

.        47 

122 

29 

33 

«      126 

8 

.       125 

58  141 

.        87 

116 

41,  68,  64,  141 

64 

«        64 

69 

29 

61 

61 

85,  141 

8 

44 

29 

33 

9 

'     .  '  8 

.       18 

7 

•      142 

61 

.        34 

62 

.  ,        45 

140 

138 


hliaca 

Johnson,  Sir  William 

Johnstown 

Junction 


INDEX. 
J. 


Lachine  •  t 

Iskes,  Ballston  .  « 

Cayuga 

Canandaigua        *  • 

Charapiain 

Eric  .  • 

George 

Excursion  to  do. 

Ontario 

Saratoga 

Winnipieeogee 
L'aprairie 
Lebanon  Springs 
Leroy 

Lewiston  .  .       . 

Little  Falls  .  * 

Lockport  .  » 

Long  Level  .     . 

Lovell's  Pond 
Lundy's  Lane 

m. 

McCrea,  Miss 

McDonough's  Victory  « 

Maitland,  Sr  Peregrine 

Maps,  Hudson  River 

Erie  Canal  .    88, 

^Niagara  .  , 

Lake  George 
Lake  Champlain 
Montreal  % 

Maps  recommended 

Mas  acre  a».  Ft.  William  Henry 

Mechanicvilie.  <■    ,        ^    . 

Military  A«ademy  *  ». 

Miller'*  Falls  .  •  .        ♦  . 

S2 


209 

.      ,     .  71 

30 

29,  30 

.26 

.       58,  141 

«  .       103 

70 

66 

136 

60 

IIU 

115 

58,  141 

109 

*     176,  179 

139 

20 

64 

44  46 

.      80,  29 

44 

.     29, 32 

180 

6d 

133 

138 

48 

8,9,15,88,110 

30^34,66,41,47,76 

47 

116 

136, 137 

139 

6 

126 

83 

11 

l31 


41 

1 


:r 


#^ 


r 


216 

INDEX. 

Miner's  Fort 

N 

181 

Montmorency 

« 

146 

Montreal 

•           •           • 

68, 140,  162 

Morristown 

•           • 

60,  141 

Mount  Holyoke 

•           • 
N 

• 

22 

JNewburgh 

18 

New  Lebanon  Springs 

»             •          • 

.     19,20 

New-York  city 

•           • 

6 

Niagara  Falls  from  American  side 

47 

Canada  side 

49 

Northampton 

*  0. 

22 

Oak  Orchard  Creek 

44 

Ogdensburgh 

• 

68,  141 

Oneida  Castle 

A 

34 

Creek 

•                  •                 • 

32,79 

Indians 

p                • 

34 

Oriskany 

•                 •                  • 

32 

Oswego 

•                 • 

68,  141 

Overslaugh 

•                 • 

1» 

r. 
Packet  boats  on  tlie  Canals. 

197 

Palisadoes 

0                                                        0 

5            .         8 

Pine  Orchard 

«                                                         • 

16 

Pittsburgh 

•                                                             • 

138 

Portland 

Q. 

.       195 

Quebec 

*                   • 

145 

Queenstown 

•          • 

47 

Rapids  of  Niagara 
Richelieu, 

R. 
•           • 

60 

• 

144 

Red  Mountain, 

*           • 

176 

Reidesel,  Baroness, 

•           • 

86 

Ridge  Road, 

• 
Roads. 

44 

from  Albany 

*           • 

19 

north. 

•           • 

162 

east,        • 

•          ,■• 

20,  113 

west, 

ft           • 

19 

INDEX 


2U 


131 

146 
140,  162 

60;    141 


18 
19,20 
6 
47 
49 
22 

44 
68,  141 

34 
32,79 

34 

32 
58,  141 

19 

197 
8 

1« 

138 

.      196 

146 

47 

60 

144 

176 

86 

44 

19 

162 

20,  113 

19 


from  Auburn  to  S3nracuse,    • 
Boston  to  Albany, 

to  the  Springs,  « 

to  Lake  Champlain, 
to  White  Mountains, 
to  Winnipiseogee  Lake, 

from  Buffalo  to  Canandaigua, 


from  Lake  George  to  the  Springs, 

leara  to  Bi 
from  Rochester  to  Niagara, 


from  Niagara  to  Buffalo, 


from  Waterford  to  Saratoga  Battle  ground, 
from  Whitehall  to  Albany, 
[See  Routes  and  Steam  boats.l 
Rocester,  .  .  •  • 

Rocky  Book,  .  .  • 

Rome  •  •  •  • 

Rotterdam  Flats,         .  .  • 

Round  Rock,         .  *  •  . 

Rouse's  Point,  .  .  • 

RoiUet. 
from  Albany  to  Ballston  Springs,    . 

to  Boston,  •  • 

to  Niagara,  • 

to  Lake  George,  4 

to  Montreal, 

to  New  Lebanon  Springs, 
to  Saratoga  Springs, 
from  Boston,  &c.  [^»e  page  198] 
from  Montreal  to  Niagara, 

to  Quebec,      •  , 

from  Quebec  to  Montreal  « 

Rutland,        •  • 

S. 
Sacketts  Harbour,        .  •  • 

St.  John's,  .  •  • 

St.  Regis,  •  •  • 

Salina,  •  •  * 

Salt  Springs,     .  •   /        •  • 

Salt  Works,  •  •  . 

Sandusky,         *  •  •  • 

Sandy  Creek,        •  »  « 

Sandy  Hill,       «  |  «  « 


78 
198 
190 
200 
178 
17d 

68 
180 

89 

44 


41 

in 


107 
188 

19, 26, 28, 

20 

19,82,  116 

do    118 


19,  26, 82 


• 

141 

• 

143 
161 

• 

. 

186 

40 

>68, 

141 

139, 

143, 

162 

• 

68, 

141 

38 

• 
• 

89 
$7 

• 

61 
0 

116, 

w 

it 


•I 


ilit 


iNdeX 


m 


Sans  Souci, 

Saratoga, 

Schenectady,    .       '     •  . 

Schoharrie  Creek,  • 

^Schuyler,  Gen. 

Schuylersville,        • 

Shaker  Village, 

Sillery,  '    , 

Skeneateles,      .  .  . 

Sorel  Village,  .  , 

Sorcl  River, 

Spa,  Ballston    .  ^  . 

Saratoga,        ^  • 

Lebanon,    ^  . 

Steam  Boats. 

from  Albany  lo  New  York, 

New  York  up  the  Hudson, 
New  Y6rk  to  Connecticut 
New  York  to  Philadelphia 
New  York  to  Rhode  Island, 

on  Cavuga  £ake, 

on  Lake  Champlain^ 

on  Lake  George, 

on  Lake  Ontario 

on  Lake  Erie 


Ballston, 

Burning, 

New  LebaAoni 

Salt,     '  . 

Saratoga, 
Squam  Lake. 
Stillwater, 
Stony  Points 
Syracuse, 

Table  Rock,' 
Tarrytown, 
Vrenton  Falls,  ^ 
Trois  RTvieres, ' 

ruscoTora  Indians, 


Sprinss. 


T. 


105 

28 

29,81 

112 

111 

23 
144 

79 
143 
139 

99 
106 

20 

191 

191 

192 

194 

192 

70 

.152 

129 

58,  141 

60,  106 

102 

52,  66 

20 

38,  79 

105 

179 

83 

9 

32,  37 

49 
9 
31 
l43 
25 
45 


INPEX 


2ia 


Utica,  • 

Verplank^s  Point 


V. 

w. 


Wadsworth's  Farm, 
Waterloo,  (Canada,) 
Wat  Hois  Gap,  « 

Wcsi  Canada  Creck^ 
West  Point,  .  . 

Whirlpool,        .  • 

Whitehall, 
White  Mountains 
Whitesborough,  • 

Winniutscogee  Lake, 
Wolie'fl  Cove,         .  •  * 

Wood  Creek,  near  Lake  Champlaijg^* 
;ie^  Pome,  .^ 


SO,  81 

f 

64 

87 

,    28 

31 

11 

48 

184 

178 

82,  88  ' 

170, 17? 

144 

184 

5«,  W 

9 


*'t  >i 


'■- 

\ 


m- 


« 


5: 


t 


JJ 


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Hav 

Black 
to  Sub 
Vance, 
burgh 
com  pie 
ed  to  I 
per  ma 
will  be 

W. 
at  whi( 
op  thei 
theme 
*id  to  oi 


works^ , 
faciiitil 
Junior  \ 
purcht 
the  Coi 
cts  ever 
it  an  tfl 


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ir 


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nformation 
istern  parts 
to  any  pcr- 
nce  for  fur- 
correction 
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cts. 

jome  draw- 
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